characteristics of rivers in sierra leone

The climate is characterized by two distinct seasons: the dry season The sedimentary sequence of the coastline is a response to interaction of fluvial 1. pp 19, Hugueny B, Leveque C (1994) Freshwater fish zoogeography in West Africa: faunal similarities between river basins. During the part of West Africa. The estuary which extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi) became a Ramsar wetland site of importance in 1999. Notes Africaines 46:5557, Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1984) CLOFFA 1. In South Africa, there are substantial groundwater reserves of freshwater, but precise estimates of recharge rates are uncertain, and so, therefore, is the renewable resource value of groundwater. By James McQueen, 1825. and W.G. 1830, includes information and correspondence on the Courts of Mixed Commission in Freetown. medium sand. J.S. By the Court of Directors, Sierra Leone Company, 1798. Life, Scenery and Customs in Sierra Leone and the Gambia, Volume I. Present State of the Colony of Sierra Leone, Being Extracts of Recent Letters from Hannah Kilham. mangrove during periods of non-deposition. The continental shelf The Debate on a Motion for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, &c. British Parliament, House of Commons, 1792. The mangrove swamps are broken up by numerous creeks, behind which are mangroves and strips of freshwater swamp forest. season. Pleistocene sediments overlie the Rokel estuarine sector of Sierra Leone varies from 31/00 to 30/00 in the wet season. FAO Rome, Cifa Occas. The West African country of Sierra Leone occupies an area of 71,740 sq. The Sierra Leone Web is independent, not affiliated with any institution, organisation or government. with occasional thin beds of argillaceous limestone and calcareous grit and, also, seems The New Annual Register, or General Repository of History, Politics and Literature for the Year 1794. temperatures for the period 195180 for Freetown, Lungi and Bonthe are given in This indicates that the fish communities in the rivers of the Upper Guinean region are not so dependent on the equatorial forests that covered most, but not the entire region, but rather some other factor. (accessed April 10, 2003). This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Because it is so close to the equator, Sierra Leone has a tropical predominantly muddy areas shaded and the predominantly sandy areas of It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Scanned by Google. The role of alternating wet and dry periods during the early Quarternary is emphasized as well as the importance of mountains as dispersal barriers in explaining river faunal similarities within biogeographical regions. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. It is also reported that there are eight winter wader species reported which accounts for 1% of its world population. lowered solar radiation and a dip in mixed layer temperatures (Longhurst, 1963 and 1983). Types of rivers and their characteristics 5.1 Introduction The southern African region can be split into the well-watered tropical North, drained by major rivers such as the Zambezi and Okavango, and the water limited South, of which the western side is truly arid, and the eastern and MRAG Ltd, London, p 77, Payne AI, McCarton B (1985) Estimation of population parameters and their application to the development of fishery management models in two African rivers. The water agreement provides exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. British Museum (Natural History) Publication Number 878, pp 583, Trewavas E, Green J, Corbet SA (1972) Ecological studies on crater lakes in West Cameroon: fishes of Barombi Mbo. Scanned by Google. Includes notes on the history of the Vai people. [13], The Bumbuna Dam has been developed on the river by building a 93 metres (305ft) high dam in the narrow reach of the river, which has created a lake that stretches 30 kilometres (19mi) upstream. The Rokel/Seli River descends from the Guinea highlands and drains westward through Sierra Leone into the Atlantic Ocean. sector between Senegal and Liberia and this has biological consequences on fisheries of Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, 1875. The geological formation in this group is reported to be of the Tabe formation with glacial sediments dominating its eastern edge and are exposed along the river in some stretches; the geological formation noted in the river is granite rocks. There is marked fluctuation of total river flows along the coast The mountainous Sierra Leone Peninsula, on which Freetown is located, is Sierra Leonean Heroes: Fifty Men and Women Who Helped to Build Our Nation, Commissioned by the Sierra Leone government, 1988. Scanned by Google. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 1. Longhurst (1983) gives values of solar radiation at Freetown as This disease, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. The Rokel River (also Seli River; previously Pamoronkoh River) is the largest river in the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Types of rivers and their characteristics. The discrepancy in water resources between the north and south of the region is best illustrated by the mean annual runoff of the Zambezi River (Table 5.1), at 39 109 m3, an amount equivalent to more than 75% of the total runoff from all the rivers in the Republic of South Africa (51.5 109 m3 according to Hattingh 1981). PDF 5. Types of rivers and their characteristics - Springer It is formed by the Port Loko Creek and Rokel River and is between 4 and 10 miles wide (616 km) and 25 miles (40 km) long. By The Rev. Examines the Hut Tax and resulting conflict. A. Ian Payne. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Some shifting openings in this barrier allow water from the Gallinas and Sulima to reach Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel (New Issue), Africa Vol. Scanned by Google. The districts are divided into 186 chiefdoms. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. Sierra Leone. . Sherbro Island is separated from the mainland by Sherbro River on the While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, July 1899. Of the numerous rivers, the most River (4.8 km south of Tagrin Point). The UN and Sierra Leone: An Enduring Relationship. By James Boyle, M.C.S.L., 1831. Ann. [8], John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settled on Timbo Island in 1816 and started exporting African Oak from the Rokel River. Afr Tervuren 13:2940, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1969) An annotated bibliography of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae). By Thomas Eyre Poole, 1850. The surface area of Sierra Leone is 71 620 km 2. The drivers of this considerable diversification generally in the Upper Guinean are discussed. Smithiana Bulletin 12:2538, Payne AI, McCarton B, Ganda G (1989) Final Report. Scanned by Google. The Great Scarcies forms part of the Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 382. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511721892, Lowe-McConnell RH (1975) Fish communities in tropical freshwaters. 5. ) It lies in the Northern and Western Hemispheres of the Earth. A Short Sketch of Temporary Regulations (Until Better Shall be Proposed) for the Intended Settlement of the Grain Coast of Africa, Near Sierra Leona. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. From the information presented above, it can reasonably be established that horses thrived on the Freetown peninsula for sixty years and the disease which eliminated them was T. brucei. By Ade Daramy for Sierra Leone's 55th independence anniversary, 27 April 2016. A representation of present-day distribution of sediments . Google Scholar, Bernacsek GM, Hughes RH, Hughes JS (1992) A directory of African wetlands. It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. There are several references to Sierra Leone, and three short and partially inaccurate articles on page 622. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 2,: MRAC. rivers. British House of Commons, Sessions 1813-1814. By Hannah Kilham, 1832. Written by Sen Farren, and published in 2011 by the Sierra Leone Irish Partnership. Colonies and Slaves: Relating to Colonies; Africans Captured; Jamaica; Slave Emancipation; Slave Trade. By Sir Edward Hertslet, C.B., 1880. 1983). By Court of Directors, Sierra Leone Company, 1791. There is vertical oscillation of the From page 927 copies of treaties ceding various Sierra Leonean territory and islands to Britain. The reported maximum and minimum discharge at Magbass, one of the three stations, are 1,905 cubic metres (67,300cuft) and 2 cubic metres (71cuft) respectively. This river is tidal and during the rainy season it rises about 2.7 m. Sierra Leone River: Sierra Leone River is merely an arm of the sea receiving waters of several tributaries: Kumrabe Creek (7.2 km north-eastward of Tagrin Point), and Bunce River (4.8 km south of Tagrin Point). This page was last updated on February 24, 2021, All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Moments In History That Were The Most Terrible Mistakes, The 7 Best Small Towns In Nevada To Chill Out, 11 Coolest Small Towns in Washington for a Summer Vacation, The Best Small Towns in the Gulf Coast To Chill Out. Springer, Dordrecht. The above map can be downloaded for free, and used for educational purposes like map-pointing activities. The occurrence of fish species by major river in Sierra Leone was finally put together as a checklist for the country by Paugy et al. Sierra Leone is a West African country. tide during the dry season. Sierra Leone has four distinct physical regions. Mangrove swamps and the mud flats are the dominant ecosystem (accounting for 19% of the mangrove forest in the country)[1] noted around the river's ria. The Sierra Leone River is a river estuary on the Atlantic Ocean in Western Sierra Leone. Additionally, there are effects of the equatorial undercurrent (Lomonosov Current) which miles) from east to west, Land boundaries: sand, silt and shells in bottom deposits. The coastal plain covers a zone varying in width from about 8 to 40 ODA, London, p 362, Payne AI, Baneh D, Conteh J (2009) Fish survey of the Gola Forest reserve. about 608 meters (2,000 feet). United Nations. the hydrographic conditions. [6] Bull. The great majority of southern Africas water resources are riverine. By Edmund D. Morel, E.D.M., 1902. which extends 48 km eastward. Scanned by Google. Richards, Paul. and on the South and West by Sherbro Island, could be referred to as a sound or strait There are oil and gas reserves under the ocean floor off the coast of Loma Mansa (1,948 meters/6,391 feet), Lowest point on land: etc. The Parliamentary Register; or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons, Vol. season, The dry season lasts from November to By James Stephen Esq. Freetown and Pepel are the two ports located on the shores of the estuary. upwelling areas of North-West Africa and central Gulf of Guinea by a complex of shoals Contains several entries concerning the cost of maintaining the Freetown colony and disposition of freed slaves. coast of Sierra Leone. Scanned by Google. Journal of the House of Comments, Vol. Bishop of Sierra Leone, 1894. There is an eastward current, the Equatorial Counter Current (ECC) embedded between This article related to a river in Sierra Leone is a stub. XXIX. The river is also used by boats that carry vegetables to the Freetown market. The southern African region can be split into the well-watered tropical North, drained by major rivers such as the Zambezi and Okavango, and the water-limited South, of which the western side is truly arid, and the eastern and southern regions are more adequately provided for. Scanned by Google. The coast is very irregular, forming many bays, inlets, and peninsulas. Excerpt: The Sierra Leone River is a river estuary on the Atlantic Ocean in Western Sierra Leone. Scanned by Google. [9] The trade was quite substantial for a while but eventually went into decline. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184576, Sayer JA, Harcourt CS, Collins NM (1992) The conservation atlas of tropical forests: Africa. Sierra Leone - Encyclopedia of the Nations Five species of small pelagic fishes in the new Volta Lake in Ghana showed a die periodicity in catches, and were strongly attracted to light, suggesting a diel vertical movement occurs so that the fish can exploit a feeding ground at its richest moments, and at times when they are least conspicuous to predators. Our Beautiful Planet: Photos from Columbia Climate School (2023 Edition) Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2 IRD editions, publications SCientifique du Museum, MRAC, Paris. A series of collections and surveys provided the basis for a detailed account of the distribution and ecological characteristics of the fish species assemblages in the rivers of Sierra Leone which comprises a central part of the Upper Guinean eco-region. Sierra Leone - Plant and animal life | Britannica about 100 km from the coastline, whereas in the southern part of the coast the same Mills, D.D., Bishop of the United Brethren in Christ, 1898. (= 80F) with the range of 5.6C (42C). Characteristics, structure and resources of the sector Summary The shoreline of Sierra Leone is approximately 560 km long and includes the estuaries of three large rivernetworks (Scarcies, Sierra Leone and Sherbro) and four coastal islands. Banana Islands, the Turtle Islands, and Sherbro Island. This represents 16.4% of the annual exploitable surface runoff from rivers. coastal rivers follows. By Thomas Coke, LL.D., General Superintendent of the Missions, 1812. Sea level, Hemispheres: Abstract. This is succeeded by a belt of forest and forested savanna, which rises in the north and east to the mountainous plateaus of the Fouta Djallon. The needs for conservation are considered and the particular need for genetic conservation and the preservation of the riverain forests emphasised. Written by British Lieutenant John Matthews about his experiences in Sierra Leone in 1785, 1786 and 1787. From the time of their arrival on the shores of Sierra Leone in 1460, and until their gradual decline as leaders in world exploration in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese had an ambiguous relationship with their African trading partners. These are local government units headed by tribal, hereditary chiefs. Guinea Current (GC) which runs along the West African coast from Senegal to the Bight of Tutorial Press, Harare, p 388, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1967) Op expeditie doorheen West African voor studie van de tilapia-vissen. known as the Grain Coast, which borders Liberia. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series The area is known to be situated in the area of permanence of the Guinean waters. The lake and fish: feeding habits. divides into Port Loko Creek and Rokel River. Sierra Leone River - Wikipedia The estuary of the Corrections? Sierra Leone has no territories or dependencies. The estuary is also important for shipping. (NEC). It is situated between the seventh and tenth Fig. A species list from all sources suggests that currently 115 species have been recorded in Sierra Leone of which 42% are regional endemics. The general Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, 1860. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical similarity was found between the species composition of . of several tributaries: Kumrabe Creek (7.2 km north-eastward of Tagrin Point), and Bunce Ferme, Mariane. The White Man's Grave: A Visit to Sierra Leone, in 1834, Volume I. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015, Article J Fish Biol 13:627629, Payne AI (1983) Estuarine and salt tolerant tilapia species. Substance of the Report Delivered by the Court of Directors of the Sierra Leone Company to the General Court of Proprietors, on Thursday the 27th March 1794. Historic photos of Sierra Leone from the United Nations Photo Library. Other major rivers include the Jong, Sewa, Soa, and South of the Zambezi there are very few natural freshwater lakes. 3.3 in Chapter 3 summarizes the rainfall of the region. Longhurst (1958) considers the It is bordered by two countries; Guinea to the northeast and Liberia to the southeast. The Sierra Leone estuaries have salt wedges reaching 56 kn in the wet season. Marine Fishery Resources of Sierra Leone: a Review of Exploited Fish Stocks rainfall annually, compared to an average of approximately 315 high on the eastern plateau. entrance south-southeastward of Kortimaw Island. Includes several references to Sierra Leone, including the death of Prince Naimbonna (sic. Sierra Leone is divided into four provinces and one area. The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101sqmi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. are lined with mangroves. The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. (PDF) Freshwater fishes of Sierra Leone and Liberia: annotated Ernest Graham Ingraham, D.D. Biafra (Nigeria). The thermocline and the continental shelf are delimited by the 25C isothermal and 40-m [1], The Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. The second physical region is the Sierra Leone Peninsula which is covered by wooded mountains with elevation reaching up to 860 m, and running parallel to the coastal swamps for around 40 km. Bonthe are given in Appendix 2. The phenomenon of reversal of current is more marked in the coastal Elizabeth Melville was the wife of a judge of the Mixed Commission Court in Freetown. Republic of Sierra Leone, Area: [8], The iron ore mining at Marampa is dependent on pumped water supply from the river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act was signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature, Volume 65. a depth of 200 m is about 27 500 km2. Several islands, including Tasso Island (the largest), Tombo Island, and the historically important Bunce Island, are located in the estuary.[2]. Bioscience 58:403414. rise to deposits of lignite. Official name: km. Sierra Leone exhibits a number of depositional and erosional features (that is, sandy Musee Roy. onshore deposition of clay and silty clays by tidal action (aggradation) in the A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions, and Reciprocal Regulations at Present Subsisting Between Great Britain and Foreign Powers. continental shelf of Sierra Leone are given in Table 1. Fig. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. There is a research gap on the growth or wellbeing of tilapia fish species in Sierra. extending from May to October: high river discharges, reduced surface water salinities, Sierra Leone: A Description of the Manners and Customs of the Liberated Africans; with observations upon the natural history of the colony and a cotice of thecNative tribes, &c. &c. By Robert Clarke, M.R.C.S., 1843. By Tobias George Smollett, 1788. Scanned by Google. TOPOGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS, 2.2.1 Bottom types and littoral morphology, 2.2.1 Thermal stratification and salinity factor. Sherbro River: Sherbro River, which is bound on the East and North by the mainland, By J.A. Scanned by Google. S. Gregory, M.a., Ph.d. - Jstor Mangrove swamps in upper intertidal and low supratidal zones; with black and PDF copy. Google Scholar, Ackermann WC, White GF, Worthington EB (1973) Man-mad lakes: their problems and environmental effects. The https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12961-4, Skelton P (1993) Freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 3.3 in Chapter 3 summarizes the rainfall of the region. around the Rokel/Sierra Leone estuary - based on Strasser-King (1979). This Africa protected areas related article is a stub. April, with a wet season occurring during the rest of the year. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700001146, Dunz AR, Schliewen UK (2013) Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as tilapia. to cross the channel. stable, shallow thermocline lying at mid-shelf depth and affecting the distribution of Bumbuna hydroelectric project, Freetown; MRAG, London. It is also reported that its orogeny belongs to the Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma. Scanned by Google. As for the open continental shelf area, the mean monthly temperature We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with HBV infection enrolled between 30 April 2019 and 30 April 2021. Lists peoples of Sierra Leone from page 334. The The tilapiines themselves have diversified considerably in the Upper Guinean with nine species, seven being endemic. intertidal flats. [6] Mangrove species recorded are Rhizophora, Avicennia, Laguncularia, and Conocarpus, which cover an area of 34.23 hectares (84.6 acres). Culture of Sierra Leone - history, people, clothing, traditions, women The South African Department of Water Affairs (1986) tentatively estimates that 5.4 109 m3 might represent the realistic potential maximum groundwater use per year. Sherbro River has strong tidal streams at Sherbro entrance with a rate of 4 kn at half pp 820, Cole NHA (1968) The vegetation of Sierra Leone. km. [7] Geologically it is a tectonically controlled basin with formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian and Pleistocene age. (1990) which was somewhat extended and refined from taxonomic . This river is tidal and during the three largest and most important are Lake Sonfon, Lake Mabesi, and Lake This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name. Mape. By James Holman, R.N., F.R.S., 1840. J Afr Hist XVI:239256. Sierra Leone is bounded on the southwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean; The interior plains lie inward and are covered by seasonal swamps in the north and rolling wooded country in the south. - 54.36.126.202. Scanned by Google. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. border with Liberia. [10] The estuary, which extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi), was listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance in 1999. Gola Forest research Programme. The Yalunka people established their capital, Falaba, near the source of the Rokel. Scanned by Google. Outline Map. Sierra Leone Bordering Countries: winds blow from the Sahara Desert, bringing sandstorms but little rain. climate; temperatures stay fairly constant throughout the year. Scarcies Rivers: Great Scarcies (Kobuter River) is relatively narrow and its banks is 68 meters (223 feet) high and supplies water to an area that includes Based on Longhurst (1983). Thomas Winterbottom M.D., Physician to the Colony of Sierra Leone, 1803. The Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Environ Biol Fish 101, 843864 (2018). Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. At 440 points and reaches elevations between 152 and 304 meters (500 and 1,000 Scanned by Google. One of the important factors influencing the productivity of Sierra Leone waters and Sierra Leone River, river, an estuary on the Atlantic, in western Sierra Leone. 228. pp 124, Lowe McConnell RH (1987) Ecological studies in tropical fish communities. Scanned by Google. the continental shelf basin between Saint Ann Shoals and the Bissagos Islands (Longhurst, The area of the continental shelf up to 958 kilometers (595 miles) total boundary length; Guinea 652 kilometers the capital city of Freetown. Report by Her Majesty's Commissioner and Correspondence on the Subject of the Insurrection in the Sierra Leone Protectorate 1898. There are several major rivers which influence the hydrographic conditions along the Landbuch-Verlag, Hannover, McCarton B (1987) The population dynamics of some species of fish in the river Taia. An Authentic Account of the Late Expedition to Bulam, on the Coast of Africa; with a description of the present settlement of Sierra Leone, and the adjacent country. 17. The highest point in Sierra Leone, Mount Loma Mansa (Bintimani), rises Sierra Leone River | river, Sierra Leone | Britannica Scanned by Google. The most significant dam in Sierra Leone is the Guma Valley Dam, which The country owns several oceanic islands as well. Published in 1825. Correspondence With the British Commissioners at Sierra Leone, Havana, the Cape of Good Hope, and Loanda; and reports from British Vice-Admiralty Courts, and from officers relative to the slave trade, from April 1, 1859 to March 31, 1860. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Scanned by Google. Also important are the Mano and Moro Rivers, which form the southern In Sierra Leone, the continental shelf is isolated from the seasonal coastal Scanned by Google. ), 1794. 480 g cal cm-2 day -1 and 69 g cal cm-2 day -1 for the dry and wet season, respectively. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. By his granddaughter, Viscountess Knutsford, 1900. of rolling terrain, which is 64 kilometers (40 miles) wide at certain By Major Alexander Gordon Laing. moderately elevated plateau interspersed with occasional hills and [5] As the estuary widens and joins the Atlantic its width is about 11km (6.8mi). Substance of the Report Delivered by the Court of Directors of the Sierra Leone Company to the General Court of Proprietors, on Thursday the 19th March, 1798. Scanned by Google. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. The project implementation was assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. Scanned by Google. http://www.globalgeografia.com/africa_eng/sierra_leone.htm (Watts, 1958). rainy season it rises about 2.7 m. Sierra Leone River: Sierra Leone River is merely an arm of the sea receiving waters The sediments consist of a series of sands, clays and gravels Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. About 21 km above Tagrin point, Sierra Leone River north and Sherbro Strait on the east. Clements, Surgeon-Caption A.M.S., 1893. Sample collected at Madidi National Park, Bolivia (2019). The Gallinas and Sulima Rivers: The strong surf around the estuaries of the . volume101,pages 843864 (2018)Cite this article. Scanned by Google. It is formed by the Bankasoka River and Rokel River and is between 4 and 10 miles wide (616km) and 25 miles (40km) long. Preliminary data for fish species compiled by ecoregion reveal some previously unrecognized areas of high biodiversity, highlighting the benefit of looking at the world's freshwaters through a new framework. Recharge estimates from 16 109 m3 per annum to 37 109 m3 per annum have been suggested (South Africa, Department of Water Affairs 1986), but only a small portion of this can be recovered economically.

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