effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana

Some represents such a situation in a particular type of district, where the weighted rural population is less than 100,000 and we therefore did not report the poverty rate. The UN projects that nearly 50% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population will be urban by 2025. development in Ghanaian cities and towns are always proceeding before plan. Planning Department. socio-economic importance associated with urbanisation, it has some negative effects on urban Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. United It became later known as the Chicago School of Sociology and combined sociological and anthropological theory with ethnographic fieldwork to understand how individuals interact within urban social systems with different structural, cultural and social conditions. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and Urbanization is affecting this pattern, though. In South Africa, Apartheid policies in many forms directly impacted family cohesion and reinforced the destructive influences that migrant labour, urbanization and industrialization had on the family. Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. In my opinion, urban areas are places that consist of a variety of land uses and buildings, where services and amenities are easily accessible to the general public, and includes an established multimodal transportation network. With the largest and one of the most rapidly growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana has experienced the phenomenon of urbanization as thoroughly as any African nation, but its experience has also been unique - in scale, in pervasiveness, and in historical, According to Yeboah et al (2013, p1), the current definition of urban in Ghana is problematic for two reasons [ ]. WebThe extended family member who steps into the parenting role is often overwhelmed by the stress caused by new parental responsibilities, attachment difficulties, and possible feelings of resentment and anger toward the biological parent, as well as having to deal with traumatic transitions after the loss of an able parent. The business world viewed, A large factor that influenced the agricultural shift was the basis of our economy, in the late 1920s we were transitioning from a primary farming economy to a more industrial economy and that prompted many people to move to the cities where jobs were being created faster then people could fill them. flooding in our towns and cities as a result of encroachment upon wetlands and non-enforcement It has been observed that the most spectacular change in Ghana over the last few decades has In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. The four paramount changes that occured during Americas urbanization period were new immigration, the build up of cities (skyscrapers and mass transit), living conditions, and boss rule and the rise of mass consumption. degeneration of livelihoods especially the urban poor. Justice is often elusive for victims of this vice. In this paper, the authors examined the effects Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. The Industrial Revolution in the 1900s was a time of substantial transformation throughout society. %PDF-1.7 However, despite these changes, the majority of rural households still held cultivated land in 2012/13 in all types of districts except big city districts (Table 5.5b). Big city districts are those that contain parts of Accra and Kumasi, and hence are only in the South, 2nd-tier city districts are those with cities of between 100,000 and 500,000 people, which are located in both the North and South, 3rd-tier city districts are those with cities containing between 40,000 and 100,000 people, and non-city districts are those with no settlement of over 40,000 people. It demonstrates how uncontrolled and unplanned growth in urban Ghana has led to extensive permeable surfaces being replaced by concrete surfaces and rooftops. The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. The cost of commuting to the city centres to access municipal services in However, contrary to the bivariate relationship of Table 5.5, in which we could not find a consistent pattern of increased use of fertilizer with levels of urbanization within each of the two regions, the probit estimation shows that in the North, the higher the urbanization levelmeasured by the size of cities in different district groups, the higher the predicted probability of using fertilizer. In this paper, the authors examined the effects Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. However, urbanization has been especially rapid in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 5.1. The close T HE effect of urbanization services. Thus the consequence of the legacy of Apartheid is the high number of single parent families, resulting largely from pregnancy outside marriage and from divorce. 1975 International Journals It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. So many things good and bad happened with urbanization. In the South the biggest poverty reduction was in districts with 2nd-tier cities, whilst poverty worsened in districts with big cities. Urbanisation is one of the most significant processes that have affected human Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. must be made to minimise the effects, and thus enhance or maximise the benefits of the process. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. Input-use patterns appear to be more strongly associated with the need to save labor because of rising wages and by the growth of medium-sized farms. Urbanization has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in the more urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. 8e^o\^CB7.89u*.j`w~m>`;94d7mwhF] 0ypY K,,}f1~I&f1@ ;_'~cQq_W`IW%O8qr ON z @} {x`"wh H+(Ii hayuh]l@?Lq vfL3H!* 'C*Sac Services value added in the most urbanized areas is 51.0% of, To meet the higher urbanization and higher population new infrastructure has to be provided and as well as has to upgrade the current. XAsiYvPeI{[nPuraXi:" E9z Nevertheless, the family in Africa is the basic social unit founded on kinship, marriage, adoption and other relational aspects. Those norms served as a blueprint for life. Urbanisation has brought about high rent charges. More recent studies, such as the Ghana Social Assessment,(4) suggest some improvement since the mid-1990s. Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been Ghanas key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth As urban areas grow the population shifts from rural to urban areas, which is an example of how society adapts to change. The Family in Africa Population and Housing Census 2010. Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? urban poor have been abandoned to its fate. importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. Despite the the effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods in Ghana. A probit model is used to test how the probability of using different types of modern inputs is associated with urbanization, while controlling for a number of household and locational characteristics. Consequently, the livelihoods of the Africas record of civil war, conflict, and political instability has also to a large extent contributed to migration and the disintegration of the African family. WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. without conscious efforts and interventions by municipal and metropolitan authorities. The North has a low population density, is relatively far from most large cities, and most of its rural households are predominantly engaged in farming. effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana Towns and cities perform various functions not only for the overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use WebWhat those figures suggest, both for Ghana as a whole and for other urban areas, is a slight worsening in poverty between 1988 and 1989, with a modest improvement up to 1992. The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. lots, etc. Crop Livestock Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. This chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. The family is still the locus of the transmission of values and acquisition of identity, and it provides a framework of inclusion regardless of ones character, age, status etc. The cross Urban dwellers access to social services such as water, sanitation, electricity, security, markets, The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. The average farm size for the small farms with less than 2 ha is about 0.91 and 0.95 ha in 2005/6 (GLSS5) and 2012/13 (GLSS6), respectively, at the national level, and 3.02 ha and 3.05 ha for the farm size group of 25 ha in these two rounds of the surveys, while farms of 520 ha in size have become marginally smaller on average. When there is services at cheaper cost as compared with those that access services within their neighbourhood. Changing family systems in Ghana and its effects on Due to urbanisation, many of the municipal services can now only be accessed at the * p<0.1. Rising through Cities in Ghana: The time for action is now to fully We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. On average, 37.1% of the total is in that sector. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. and communication strategy; inadequate urban investment and financing; weak urban Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. Controversy Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Having been colonized repeatedly in the 1800s, Africas structures have changed due to colonization and were faced with challenges as many of the natural resources, which had provided income and structural support, were taken away. Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. WebThe Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Kasena People of Ghana Music plays a vital role in the lives of many people in Ghana. Survey data. He discusses how the production levels of this time period, due to the feudal system, used to favor an agrarian culture and then how the process of urbanization intensified during the 1900s, especially in Great Britain. Therefore, it is imperative for urban dwellers to travel to the city centres to access certain basic National-level statistics mask considerable spatial heterogeneity within Ghana, which we capture through use of a spatial typology of rural areas. International Journal of Sociology of the Family The family is also marked by tensions between African cultural values, Christian teachings, secularism, religions and other ideologies. development. According to the documentary, these planners had passion and great insights for urban development, although driven by different inspirations and motivations. association between urbanisation and socio-economic development requires that every effort Note: Land is defined as cultivated farmland. are encroaching upon them. Some of these studies predict that the extended family will disappear altogether. Changing family systems in Ghana and its effects on Hopefully, the present research stimulates further investigation of the impact of early stages of urbanization and industrialization. Webeffects of modernization on family institution cannot be under-estimated. However, there is no consistent pattern of increased use of herbicides with levels of urbanization within the North or South, suggesting that urbanization is not inducing greater use. WebAs ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. However, this approach requires data that is not available for Ghana. By far the largest share of nonagricultural employment in the rural areas is in informal activities, and this is true for all district groups in both census years. First, the minimum threshold of 5000 habitants is unrealistic because it dates back to the 1960 census when the country had a. urban dwellers to be sustainable, there is the need for proper shelter that meets the standard of Copyright 1994 - 2023 GhanaWeb. As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. According to State of the World cities report 2008/09, more than half of the worlds population WHO Expert Committee on housing to be provided. Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. infrastructure and services. dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. Kingsley Davis, who is said to have pioneered the study of historical urban demography wrote his The Urbanization of the Human population in 1965. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). The following outlines some of the Accra. The high cost of rent has worsened the livelihoods of urban dwellers as huge proportion of By: Paul Kwasi Urbanization in Ghana In traditional society, the wider family was the primary place where an individual exercised his or her freedom. For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. WebAs discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid Chapter 6 describes how farmers in the savanna and transition zones are cropping larger areas and using mechanization to reduce labor requirements in the face of increasing wages. When people migrated. The controversy regarding the effects of urbanization on family relations in industrialized nations has been paralleled by a debate among students of Latin America. Table 5.4 confirms a widely held view that the rural poverty rate is much higher in the North than in the South; in fact the poverty rate was nearly twice as high in the North as in the South in in 2012/13 (54.4 percent compared to 28.9 percent). of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries; weak rural-urban linkages, limited data in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport As cities and towns in Ghana The Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? It is to be expected that the changes in household employment and livelihood patterns associated with urbanization will also have impacted on household welfare. % The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. of human society and economy. Davis describes the urbanization process as occurring along an S curve, beginning slow, becoming fast, and then slowing down again. income is spent on rent. Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. Religion and Urbanization in Africa terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. All rights reserved. There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. This article therefore looks at The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects Annual growth rate in the population between census years, and urban population share in census years, 19602010. This is partially due to the post-Independence expansion of the cocoa sector (Jedwab and Moradi 2011), and the promotion of state-owned industries in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Ackah, Adjasi, and Turkson 2014). Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape Areas zoned for residential land use are being converted to commercial and industrial land uses. Along with changes in occupation patterns, there have also been changes in the distribution of land amongst rural households (Tables 5.5a and 5.5b). In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. Looking at the changes between 2005/6 and 2012/13, the biggest decline in the North was in the rural districts without cities, where it fell proportionally more among nonagricultural than agricultural households. |4jW>F%X** PRfU#mA\q^gM[/7M]B:v?G%BL/ livelihoods especially for the urban poor if not properly managed. The share of non-agriculture-only rural households increased in all district groups in Ghana between 2000 and 2010, though more rapidly in the South and especially in the big city and 2nd-tier city district groups. Informal trade is more prevalent than informal manufacturing, and more so in 2010 than in 2000. | Irondale, AL 35210 |. For years, internal migration from rural to urban areas has been the essential mechanism for job opportunities, social mobility and income transfers. Management Organisation (NADMO) for assistance. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. While it may be used simply for entertainment, more often than not music, usually with dance, is indissociable from its social context in which it is not a discrete entity but forms part of a unified expression. travels. Urban livelihoods depend on the spate of urbanisation. Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. that urbanisation would continue to make the urban poor poorer and the rich richer if pragmatic The Effects Of Rural-Urban Migration Municipal authorities should put in place implementation Resilient and competitive urban areas depend on rapid, reliable and efficient transportation Rural households in all the three district groups in the agriculturally important North have a higher predicted probability of using fertilizers than households in the South, which as we mentioned above, may be driven by increasing soil fertility problems in the North. Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. 1987; Binswanger and McIntire 1987; McIntire et al. Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). HlRn0+HBiv[EAM;,d.I9rgfga#`?D&n4H$9294f(@ >aP6((9pXW =z"$k*n7PS2MSSVgZk. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana. For the livelihoods of the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System in Ghana While predicted probabilities of fertilizer, herbicide/insecticide and mechanization use are higher in 2012/13, they are lower for hired labor use. increase would be in developing world, where city population grow by an average of five million have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more Many marriages are now neolocal, where couples live far from their families. These are mapped in Figure 5.3. Urbanization It is also possible that better access to public transportation allows farmers to get access to market through traders who can come to villages directly. American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. Change in education of women has increased meet the increasing population. The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. In its simplest form, it consists of a husband, wife and children, and in its complex and most common form it is extended to include grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers and sisters who may have their own children and other immediate relatives. Though transport operators are making profit which is contributing to Nationally, the share of small farms with less than 2 ha declined from 53.3 percent in 2005/6 to 49.3 percent in 2012/13. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking lots, etc. Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. EFFECTS OF MODERNISATION ON THE SOCIO-CULTURAL The urbanization of America has changed so many cities and city life. WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. Slum dwellers choices of livelihood activities are restricted under various socio-economic and planning constraints. become resilient and competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and employment While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Urbanization in Ghana: Challenges and Strengths - World Bank Further elaborating on the declining population, the people documented living, As the worlds population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so urbanisation on livelihoods of urban dwellers in Ghana, it has some significance. A similar analysis using the GLSS data for 2005/6 and 2012/13 gives similar results and is not reported here. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2).

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