home remedies for toxoplasmosis in dogs
Disinfectants that are effective against T. gondii include alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), and peracetic acid (PAA). However, if you had toxoplasmosis before you got pregnant, its generally not possibleto pass it to your unborn child. In combination with an antimicrobial with Gram-negative coverage, empiric treatment of sepsis or bacteremia. WebRequires a diagnosis by a veterinarian. Cats usually do not develop any clinical disease associated with oocyst shedding. As an instance of cutaneous toxoplasmosis was described in an immunosuppressed dog. Most dogs recover well from toxoplasmosis, though in the case of fetal toxoplasmosis where a pregnant mother passes the infection to their young, the puppies are likely to be stillborn, die shortly after birth, or end up with severe birth defects. Clinical toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats has a wide range of presentations, ranging from general symptoms like fever and dyspnea to more specific signs involving neural, respiratory, cutaneous and ocular signs, thus a comprehensive differential diagnosis with leishmaniosis, neosporosis, and sarcocystosis constitute a key element. First, tachyzoites multiply actively in tissues, quickly spread to almost all organs, and cause most of the pathology. Particular care should be taken by pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals to avoid infection. Toxoplasmosis in dogs and pregnancy. Exp Parasitol. Dubey JP, Tiwari K, Chikweto A, Deallie C, Sharma R, Thomas D, et al. While hospitalized, dogs will typically receive intravenous fluid treatment for hydration and intravenous antibiotics to eliminate the infection through an IV catheter placed in their arm. Meseck EK, Njaa BL, Haley NJ, Park EH, Barr SC. By If a cat eats prey animals or raw meat infected with T. gondii, the parasite will mature and reproduce in the cats digestive tract. Whole, unprocessed foods / Semi-Homemade Food / Low-carb dog food, Add Probiotics, digestive enzymes, and/or oregano or basil, Chicken soup bone broth (or use lamb/beef bones). Magaa A, Snchez F, Villa K, Rivera L, Morales E. Systemic neosporosis in a dog treated for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. WebThis page is dedicated to Home Remedies For Toxoplasmosis In Dogs Watch this video now Home Remedies For Toxoplasmosis In DogsHD Videos. Cats are the only known carriers, but they are not the only way you can contract toxoplasmosis. Do not feed raw or undercooked meat or viscera to cats. Feed cats only commercially prepared diets. WebToxoplasmosis is a disease caused by infection with the organism called Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). On the other hand, kittens born to queens infected with T. gondii during gestation can become infected transplacentally or via suckling (54); in general, clinical illness is common and severity varies with the stage of gestation at the time of infection (1). Vet Parasitol. T. gondii is a parasite that can infect nearly all mammals including humans, though it can only grow to maturity and reproduce in domestic and wild cats. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that is most commonly found in warm, wet areas of the world. Before 2010, scientists were not aware of any confirmed report of natural congenital toxoplasmosis in dogs (1), but there was experimental evidence for it. Aqueous flare, keratic precipitate, lens luxation, glaucoma, and retinal detachment are common manifestations of uveitis (19). Log in 24/7 to access your pets health care information. The finding of these lesions does not definitively diagnose toxoplasmosis but it does raise the index of suspicion for the disease and should prompt your veterinarian to submit additional tests to look for toxoplasmosis. BMC Vet Res. Vet Parasitol. Not surprisingly, disseminated infection also has a high mortality rate. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis can be very difficult. Pulmonary sarcocystosis in a puppy with canine distemper in Costa Rica. dark-colored ear wax. (10). BMC Res Notes. While trying to fight off parasites of any kind, it is wise to follow The Parasite Cleanse and Diet. (2011) 124:3869. Yes, it is possible to contract the infection more than once. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Sakamoto CA, da Costa AJ, Gennari SM, Pena HF, Toniollo GH, Lopes WD, et al. Is Toxoplasmosis in dogs curable? Vet Rec. Your veterinarian will likely order a fecal test to check for other parasites that can cause the same symptoms as toxoplasmosis. (2005) 127:237. There is no approved treatment for toxoplasmosis in cats or dogs. So the parasite lives inside of a cat, reproduces inside of cats and then is excreted in cat feces. Homegrown vegetables and fruits should be washed before serving, and raw meat should be frozen for at least two days before serving. Lesions are characterized by erythematous epidermal nodules, pyogranulomatous and necrotizing dermatitis, and panniculitis, with multifocal vasculitis and vascular thrombosis. Oocysts represent a hardy form of the organism that can survive in the external environment for many months or even years. In the internal organs, they may cause enough damage to cause signs of disease or may become dormant in atissue cyst. (2010) 12:2919. Dubey JP, Mattixa ME, Lipscomb TP. On the other, hand youll also want to up your intake ofcertain foods known to have proven or likely anti-parasitic effects includingraw pumpkin seeds, almonds, ginger, garlic, daikon radish, kelp, onions, horseradish, cayenne pepper, pomegranate, cabbage, kombucha tea,papaya(including papaya juice and seeds), carrots, lemon and pineapple. If you choose to feed your dog raw meat, then you must learn how to properly prepare it to reduce the risk of contamination and infection. Berrocal A, Lpez A. (2003) 15:2924. J Eukaryot Microbiol (2015) 62:30717. doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612017025, 41. Malmasi A, Mosallanejad B, Mohebali M, Sharifian Fard M, Taheri M. Prevention of shedding and re-shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in experimentally infected cats treated with oral clindamycin: a preliminary study. When a baby contracts toxoplasmosis while in the womb, it can be born with the following issues: According to Mayo Clinic, not manybabies who have toxoplasmosis when they are born show any signs of the infection. (2005) 34:15660. Nagel SS, Williams JH, Schoeman JP. PCR is the typical test to diagnose toxoplasmosis and determine if the infection is acute or chronic. Heres what you should know about the symptoms, causes, and treatments for toxoplasmosis in dogs. Can toxoplasmosis cause blindness in dogs? (1993) 203:15469. (9), If your dog isinfected with toxoplasmosis, symptoms are similar to cat toxoplasmosis symptoms. Clinical Sarcocystis neurona, Sarcocystis canis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum infections in dogs. 2010. Acute Toxoplasmosis: This has a sudden onset, is clinically significant, and has lasting effects. This organism is found in sewage, animal waste, and contaminated soil and food. Dogs usually contract the disease by the following means: The signs of toxoplasmosis in pets are nonspecific, and most dogs show no signs of infection. Some cases may also require sedatives to calm them down, as the initial disorientation can be distressing. These signs may include fever, loss of appetite and depression. Dogs toxoplasmosis pregnancy. This concept is still under study. Luckilyfor most people with a normally functioning, healthy immune system,Toxoplasmathankfully doesnt cause any unwanted symptoms. A rare case of feline congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection: fatal outcome of systemic toxoplasmosis for the mother and its kitten. (2001) 4:8792. Contact with other animals during the recovery process should be limited. However, recent studies have demonstrated re-shedding after experimental application of immunosuppressive therapy (70). In six surveys from different states in which more than 10 cats were included in all studies, oocyst shedding ranged from 0.0 to 6.6% (mean of 0.7%). First isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from cats of Colima, Mexico: tissue distribution and genetic characterization. Additionally, elevations in blood sugar, total protein levels, and globulin levels may be present. Serum was tested for N. caninum, T. gondii, Leishmania infantum chagasi, and Leishmania amazonensis IgG antibodies, and only T. gondii antibodies were detected (IFAT titer = 65,536). Lindsay SA, Barrs VR, Child G, Beatty JA, Krockenberger MB. Alternatively, you can use tea tree oil, oregano oil, or colloidal silver. Cover children's sandboxes to prevent cats from using them as litter boxes. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. Organs and tissues commonly affected include lymph nodes, liver, lung, brain/spinal cord, and eye. 1. (2011) 20:2026. These eggs most often come fromthe feces of cats so you can get toxoplasmosis from unknowingly consuming these eggsthrough direct contact with or from handling a cats litter box. Uveitis (inflammation of the interior of the eye) may cause excessive blinking (blepharospasm), squinting, and sensitivity to light (photophobia). Acute toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation in three cats and a dog. If youre pregnant and own a cat, the FDA advises that you dont have to give up youbeloved pet. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. Once they reach specific tissues (central nervous system, muscle, and viscera), they convert into bradyzoites which remain latent in a cyst form leading to a life-long chronic infection until a DH ingests the tissue. An atypical Toxoplasma gondii genotype in a rural Brazilian dog co-infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. In cats, clinical toxoplasmosis is more severe in transplacentally infected kittens (18), which frequently develop hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis, pneumonia, and encephalitis and show signs of ascites, lethargy, and dyspnea. Parasitol Res. If your dog has symptoms such as fever, lethargy, and seizures, then you should take them to the veterinarian for further testing. Canine distemper virus usually affects young, unvaccinated dogs and results in signs of gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea), respiratory disease (increased respiratory rate and effort) and central nervous system disease (behavior changes, seizures, coma). Dubey JP, Hemphill A, Calero-Bernal R, Schares G. Neosporosis in Animals. While the possibility to contract Toxoplasmosis from your dog is potentially not possible, it is less likely if you practice good personal hygiene. (21), According to scientific researchers, the current conventional treatment options for toxoplasmosis are not optimal for multiple reasonsand there is a need to find safer, better-tolerated ways to treat this parasitic infection. Acute toxoplasmosis: Sulfadiazine (Tribrissen, Equisul-SDT), pyrimethamine (Daraprim), and Clindamycin (Antirobe, Clintabs, ClinDrops, Cleocin), Chronic or fetal toxoplasmosis: No particular medication is available, Anti-diarrheal agents: Metronidazole (Flagyl), loperamide (Imodium AD), Pepto-Bismol, Pepcid-AC (Famotidine), Supportive care such as IV fluids and iron supplements. Nordquist BC, Aronson LR. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.08.001, 4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1995.tb00039.x, 82. 67. Hlavn strnka videa Kategorie Models Friends. While cats are usually infected by eating infected rodents, or more rarely by ingestion of oocysts from the environment, humans are most commonly infected by eating contaminated food. Zoites are frequently found in lesions. PMid: 22760137. doi: 10.1590/S0037-86822012000300016, 49. da Silva RC, Caffaro K, Paula CL, Risseti RM, Langoni H, Megid J, et al. Transplacental or transmammary transfer of tachyzoites from dam to offspring also occurs, albeit rarely, in pets. doi: 10.3201/eid0910.020617, 91. In conclusion, there are several ways that laboratories can test for toxoplasmosis in dogs. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00675.x. Barrs VR, Martin P, Beatty JA. Comes in a convenient powder, which means it can be easily mixed into your dog's usual meals Side effects are rare Check Price Benefits and Uses of Panacur for Dogs doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.055, 85. Yes, there are a number of treatments available that can cure your dog of this parasitic illness. The CDC also considers toxoplasmosis one of the fiveNeglected Parasitic Infectionsor NPIs. Their doi: 10.1177/030098589603300305. Copyright 1999 - 2023. Then let us know in the comments below! Elmore SA, Jones JL, Conrad PA, Patton S, Lindsay DS, Dubey JP. A serum chemistry profile allows your veterinarian to evaluate the internal organs such as the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. There are so many great natural ways to fight against parasites like T. gondii. Heidel JR, Dubey JP, Blythe LL, Walker LL, Duimstra JR, Jordan JS. Parasitol Res. An ocular (eye) examination should be part of the physical examination performed by your veterinarian to look for evidence of uveitis (inflammation of the interior of the eye), hemorrhage or fundic (back of the eye) lesions that are commonly present with toxoplasmosis. Sci. Little is known about transplacental toxoplasmosis in dogs, although its occurrence is thought to be less common than in other species (1). There usually is little need to worry about passing the infection to your baby. Dorny P, Speybroeck N, Verstraete S, Baeke M, De Becker A, Berkvens D, et al. Detection of Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, and Toxoplasma gondii DNA in the brain of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Mostly, dogs getting treatment will recover within 2 or 3 weeks. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. Falzone C, Baroni M, De Lorenzi D, Mandara MT. Due to toxoplasmosis infection, kittens can be stillborn or die before they are weaned. Chemicals in Cats: Where Are These Dangerous Compounds Coming From? An article published in the monthly, peer-reviewed medical journal JAMA Psychiatry also reveals that in two clinical studies, mothers with a toxoplasmosis infection appeared to have an increased risk of self-directed violence such as suicide or suicide attempts. doi: 10.1177/1040638712461787, 39. Please consult your veterinarian if you are concerned about any clinical signs your cat is exhibiting. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.11.005, 25. Aust Vet J. Toxoplasmosis is caused by the globally distributed protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (phylum Apicomplexa); the disease can be clinically important for almost all homeothermic animals, including birds and humans. Rico-Torres CP, Del Viento-Camacho A, Caballero-Ortega H, Besn-Mrida A, Luna-Pastn H, Correa D, et al. Cat feces containing oocysts should be disposed of in a manner that prevents exposure to humans or other animals (e.g., landfill, incinerator). doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.07.003, 52. Cook meat completely to an internal temperature of 160F. Wear gloves when gardening in soil potentially contaminated by cat feces. If you think you may have been infected and do not feel well, please see your doctor for further evaluation. After primo-infection during pregnancy, parasitemia can cause placentitis, followed by spread of tachyzoites to the fetus. (2017) 13:249. doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1176-3, 11. After oral inoculation of five full-term pregnant queens with T. gondii tissue cysts, the clinical signs and lesions were comprehensively described in a pioneer study (54); twenty-two live and three dead kittens were born 16 to 31 days after inoculation. Dogs toxoplasmosis pregnancy. Apilot study in 2016 looked at radicchios impact on parasites. HD 06:44. Toxoplasmosis can occur in both cats and dogs. In addition, there is a lack of knowledge regarding clinical consequences driven by venereal and congenital transmission. West nile virus encephalitis and myocarditis in wolf and dog. Fluid is then aspirated into a sterile syringe and examined under a microscope. Human impact on the diversity and virulence of the ubiquitous zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii. 66. Sarcocystid organisms found in bile from a dog with acute hepatitis: a case report and review of intestinal and hepatobiliary sarcocystidae infections in dogs and cats. (1997) 45:2315. Emerg Infect Dis. Toxoplasma gondii: epidemiology, feline clinical aspects, and prevention. Your email address will not be published. Plugge NF, Ferreira FM, Richartz RR, de Siqueira A, Dittrich RL. J Vet Intern Med. Seroprevalence status in cats is essential regarding zoonosis prevention and has been recently reviewed elsewhere (2). doi: 10.1111/rda.12718, 51. A complete blood count (CBC) is done to assess whether the pet is anemic (low red blood cell count) and to assess the white blood cell count. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.021, 72. (2014) 52:441920. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.009. Pyogranulomatous cystitis associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in a cat after renal transplantation. doi: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.299, 40. WebHome Remedies For Toxoplasmosis In Dogs. Washing vegetables thoroughly before feeding them to your dog can help prevent infection. Supportive care should be provided as needed. (2013) 197:6236. Eastern equine encephalitis in puppies in Michigan and New York states. Usually it is only the dogs with compromised immune systems and very young dogs with developing immune systems that show clinical signs associated with toxoplasmosis. J Parasitol. Wondering if your kitten or cat has toxoplasmosis? Antibody testing is also useful in determining susceptibility to acquiring a new. Bresciani KD, Costa AJ, Toniollo GH, Luvizzoto MC, Kanamura CT, Moraes FR, et al. Vet Parasitol. Baneth G, Thamsborg SM, Otranto D, Guillot J, Blaga R, Deplazes P, et al. It takes more than 24 hours for oocysts passed in the feces to develop into the infective stage. (2007) 44:95661. Pyrimethamine side effects can include rapid pulse and breathing, liver toxicity as well as bone marrow suppression. Cats and other felids are the only species that develop patent infections withT. gondii, shedding oocysts 3-10 days following ingestion of bradyzoites in raw meat and 19-48 days following ingestion of oocysts. Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by infection with the organism calledToxoplasma gondii(T. gondii). WebPyrimethamine, considered the most effective drug against toxoplasmosis, is a standard component of therapy. These viruses usually affect young, unvaccinated dogs and may be differentiated from toxoplasmosis on the basis of negative titers for toxoplasmosis. You may also be asked to take a blood test to determine if you have the parasite. (11) When animals such as sheep and pigs take in soil that has T. gondii eggs from cat feces, the parasites dont reproduce in these animals (like they do in cats), but the eggs hatch inside of their bodies. Hoon-Hanks LL, Regan D, Dubey JP, Carol Porter M, Duncan CG. Cases of intracranial granuloma (34, 35) and panencephalitis (36) have been also addressed. J Comp Pathol. Because clinical disease is frequently associated with immunosuppressive therapy, an special interest should be paid to the serological status of T. gondii antibodies when corticosteroid drugs or transplant surgery are prescribed. (2013) 126:2169. Seroconversion was observed in all females seven days after AI, and reabsorption occurred in two of the dogs. flotation) may occasionally identify oocysts in the feces of recently infected cats but this finding has limited clinical significance because the presence of oocysts is not correlated with development of disease in the cat. These latent symptoms can include serious eye infections, mental disability and hearing loss. Foods that fight yeast Infections: Treats containing Pau D-Arco, olive leaf, caprylic acid. doi: 10.1177/104063870301500314, 87. (1991) 99:4736. Did you know that in the United States alone over 60 million adultsand children currently have a parasite calledToxoplasmaliving inside their bodies? All the tea to cool and pour it into an empty spray bottle. (2003) 116:519. doi: 10.1007/s00436-009-1558-y, 57. Pneumonia is the main sign of generalized toxoplasmosis (25), and acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock may occur (26). If the pet is not vomiting but refuses to eat, your veterinarian may elect to place a naso-esophageal tube to permit feeding of a liquid diet. Cats are the only definitive hosts forT. gondii, which means that the organism can only produce oocysts when infecting a cat. (24), An animal study published in 2015 showed that an essential oil from the Bunium persicum plant appears to fight against toxoplasmosis-causing parasites. Such disease may be acute (rapid onset) or more chronic, with periods of illness interspersed with periods of some recovery. However, Toxoplasma gondii has been found in the bladder, kidneys, and intestines ofinfected humans. WebHere is we collected all that you wanted about Home Remedies For Toxoplasmosis In Dogs Dogs Watch this video now Home Remedies For Toxoplasmosis In DogsHD Videos. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. The fluid is analyzed for red and white blood cells (none should be present) and antibody titers may be measured in the fluid as well. When this happens, various clinical problems can develop, including eye disease, respiratory disease, diarrhea, liver disease, and neurological signs, depending on which tissues are affected. Both drugs are given twice daily for 4 weeks. While dogs can be infected with the parasite, they are not carriers or passers of the parasite. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.179, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, 3. Many more cats are infected than show symptoms. Diagnostic ophtalmology. Keep sandboxes covered when not in use to avoid fecal contamination by roaming cats. What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis? In small animal practice, the disease is most commonly seen in immunocompromised cats and, occasionally, dogs. In addition, make sure to wash knives and cutting boards with hot water and soap after every single use. Sarcocystis neurona schizonts-associated encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and myositis in a two-month-old dog simulating toxoplasmosis, and presence of mature sarcocysts in muscles. Secure trash containers to prevent garbage scavenging and remove carcasses of rodents or birds before they are consumed. Detection and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from fresh semen of naturally infected dogs in Southern Brazil. Alwayswash your hands with soap and warm water aftergardening or other outdoor work. Young dogs whose immune systems arent fully developed and dogs whose immune systems are compromised are at greater risk of becoming ill due to the infection. Wear gloves when gardening and wash hands well afterward. During experimental infections, challenge with FIV triggered the disease and predisposed cats to acute generalized toxoplasmosis (64), but later studies on the general population did not identify the same association (65). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF analysis), Analysis of pleural (chest) or peritoneal (abdominal) fluid, Antibiotics such as clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfonamide, or sulfonamides combined with pyrimethamine, Intravenous (IV) fluids for debilitated animals. ( 19) If you have symptoms of toxoplasmosis that are not serious and dont require medical attention, then there are several natural things you can do to treat toxoplasmosis. 1. General Diet Changes While trying to fight off parasites of any kind, it is wise to follow The Parasite Cleanse and Diet. 63. To diagnose toxoplasmosis, your doctor will likely ask about your symptoms and medical history. Numerous studies have shown seroprevalence and/or parasite prevalence ranges in dogs and cats from 6 to 88% worldwide [reviewed in reference (1)]. Organ transplantation has been identified as a cause of acute toxoplasmosis; three cats and one dog developed signs 36 weeks after renal transplantation (13). Moreover, topical anti-inflammatory therapy required to control keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a dog triggered a necrotizing conjunctivitis by T. gondii (11). 60. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations. When the dogs inhale the microscopic spores that are shed by these parasites in the soil, they elude or bypass the dogs protective respiratory mechanisms and can cause infection. Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated toxoplasmosis in an immunosuppressed dog. Eating raw meat and dead animals, such as rodents or birds, can also cause the parasitic infection, as well as drinking unpasteurized goat milk or contaminated water. If your dog has neurological signs, your veterinarian may want to evaluate their spinal fluid for signs of infection or inflammation, and also conduct a neurological examination. Some people are infected with toxoplasmosis and never develop symptoms, while others experience flu-like symptoms, fever, headache, muscle aches, or nausea shortly after infection. Disseminated Toxoplasmosis prognosis is guarded due to the spread of infection to other organs. Toxoplasmosis is a common, contagious disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol. Toxoplasmosis is difficult to diagnose in cats because the signs can vary. 12. However, dogs can also be infected by Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. Treatment for histoplasmosis in dogs is focused on long-term antifungal medication to destroy the H. capsulatum organisms. The goal is to treat until the dog has been symptom-free for at least 1 month. Many dogs require over 6 months of antifungal treatment. When congenital, cutaneous, generalized (pneumonia, myositis, etc. Symptoms can vary from person to person. Additional strategies to reduce your dogs exposure to toxoplasmosis The best method to diagnose toxoplasmosis is measurement of antibodies to the organism. Vet Dermatol. This is especially important when introducing a new cat to a household with other cats. doi: 10.1080/00480169.1997.36035, 9. A wide range of histologic lesions included: proliferative interstitial pneumonia, necrotizing hepatitis, myocarditis, skeletal and glossal myositis, non-suppurative encephalitis affecting the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord, uveitis, necrotizing adrenal adenitis, and interstitial nephritis. Outdoor dogs living in endemic regions are at higher risk. Dogs become infected with Toxoplasma gondii by accidentally ingesting parasitic eggs in soil, eating cat poop, or eating contaminated produce or raw meat. Researchers believe that nutmeg essential oil shows a lot of promise in the natural treatment of toxoplasmosis. (2013) 84:E16. J Feline Med Surg. J Feline Med Surg. Dogs toxoplasmosis pregnancy. (2001) 37:2515. doi: 10.1177/1040638718774616, 97. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.029, 74. da Silva JR, Maciel BM, de Santana Souza Santos LKN, Carvalho FS, de Santana Rocha D, Lopes CWG, et al. Elmore SA, Jones JL, Conrad PA, Patton S, Lindsay DS, Dubey JP.