what is the social impact of diversity in australia

31-56. Through an exposure draft the Government has outlined its intent to lift the ban on offending, insulting and humiliating someone over their race, colour or ethnicity. We found that the initial negative effects were being driven by a reduction in trust of others around them in countries, with increased religious diversity. Please select the WEB or READ option instead (if available). [34] Alesina,A. and E.La Ferrara (2005). [35] Montalvo,J. and M.Reynal-Querol (2014), Cultural Diversity, Conflict, and Economic Development, in Ginsburgh, Victor A. Throsby,D. [14] Pletzer,J. etal. Findings are somewhat mixed, but impacts of gender, ethnicity or age diversity are found to be either very small or insignificant. [49] Baert,S., B.Cockx and N.Gheyle (2015), Is There Less Discrimination in Occupations Where Recruitment Is Difficult?, ILR Review, Vol. [27] Cooke,A. and T.Kemeny (2017), Cities, immigrant diversity, and complex problem solving, Research Policy, Vol. Sue is also the manager of Diversity Leadership Directory. [11] stergaard,C., B.Timmermans and K.Kristinsson (2011), Does a Different View Create Something New? Some examples of how multiculturalism has affected the social and political spheres are found in revisions of curricula, particularly in Europe and North America, and the expansion of the Western literary and other canons that began during the last quarter of the 20th century.Curricula from the elementary to the university levels were revised and . Other studies show similar positive effects on GDP per capita, however effects are found to be stronger in low-income countries (see for example Bove and Elia (2017[30]). Heres what some of the respondents said: The ability to participate in society and to be free from discrimination is not only an ideal. Or consider purchasing the publication. 444-462. Much has been written about this topic, but one major question remains unanswered: are human beings able to adapt to this unprecedented change in social diversity? This may suggest that when women or ethnic minorities are perceived as newcomers rather than just another colleague, more intra-group conflict may arise or minorities may have difficulties in being heard and taken seriously. Susanne Ricee is the Diversity and Inclusion Specialist and Researcher at Diversity for Social Impact. Studies on how diversity affects productivity at the firm-level, using representative data are rare. [2] The United Nations defines a socially cohesive society where all groups have a sense of belonging, participation, inclusion, recognition and legitimacy.[3]. These include the AFL, Cricket Australia, Telstra, ANZ Bank, SBS, Universities Australia to name a few. (ed. The Scanlon Foundation utilises five indicators for social cohesion: I think you will all agree that in general Australia is a cohesive society, this backed by the research. What is also remarkable is the level of social harmony maintained in Australia. Pride in Diversity an employer support program that encourages Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI . The Racism.It Stops with Me campaign was launched in August 2012 and currently has support from over 250 organisations across Australia. 1219-1260. 2018/09, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/89bae654-en. Research on firm performance has assessed how diversity in executive boards affects profitability, how performance within teams may change and how higher diversity within firms influences productivity and wages. What is social impact? 2/18. Generally, the negative impact of ethnic diversity appears to be more pronounced in the UnitedStates than in European OECD countries (for an overview, see (Alesina and La Ferrara, 2005[34]; Montalvo and Reynal-Querol, 2014[35]; Dinesen and Snderskov, 2017[36])). Before I move on to the issue of racism in Australia, Id like to provide you with a brief overview of the Australian Human Rights Commission. Extracts from publications may be subject to additional disclaimers, which are set out in the complete version of the publication, available at the link provided. The social justice perspective on diversity is a way of understanding how people from different backgrounds can come together to work and create in inclusive and ethical settings. AT http://www.scanlonfoundation.org.au/research.html (viewed 23 June 2014).Demireva, N. (2014). (2016), Gender Quotas: Challenging the Boards, Performance, and the Stock Market, IZA Discussion Paper, No. (2015), Does Gender Matter? Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Oxford, Professor of Sociology, Princeton University, Senior Lecturer in Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Emeritus Professor of Social Psychology and Public Policy, University of Oxford. Furthermore, assessing the economic impact is difficult for two main reasons. It is through these dinners that we are able to come together to celebrate diversity, foster awareness and increase understanding of the magnitude of cultures that exist in modern Australia, and the value that this diversity brings. In 2016, more than one-third (37%) of Australians aged 65 and over were born overseas and one-fifth (20%) were born in a non . Overall, these findings from meta-analyses seem to suggest that team diversity in terms of gender, ethnicity or age do not matter much for team performance. Importantly there is strong level of support for multiculturalism from Australians themselves. Female directors appear to have better attendance records than male directors and the attendance of male directors improves following the entry of female members in the board of directors. The Commission considers that, at the very least, a requirement of good faith should be included. 1. The Scanlon Foundation Surveys National Report. Douglas Massey receives funding from the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Behavior. [46] Kemeny,T. and A.Cooke (2017), Urban Immigrant Diversity and Inclusive Institutions, Economic Geography, Vol. The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at http://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions. Tim Soutphommasane chairs this partnership in his role as Race Discrimination Commissioner. Around 50% of respondents were from Canada, whereas the number of respondents was around 400 for Australia and between 100 and 150 for European OECD countries. Our culturally diverse society is now made up of people with origins in over 200 nations. [18] Trax,M., S.Brunow and J.Suedekum (2015), Cultural diversity and plant-level productivity. As a nation we embraced this diversity and recognised the economic and social benefits that come this brings. The Australian Human Rights Commission was established as an independent statutory authority in 1986 through legislation that is now called the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth). [12] Parrotta,P., D.Pozzoli and M.Pytlikova (2014), Labor diversity and firm productivity, European Economic Review, Vol. [6] M Ruteere, Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (2012) UN Doc. 33/6, pp. An Uphill Battle, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en (accessed on 5October2017). Access to this content in this format requires a current subscription or a prior purchase. For example, studies on social cohesion in neighbourhoods show that the key element for weak social cohesion is the low socio-economic status of a neighbourhood rather than its ethnic diversity (Letki, 2008[37]; Tolsma, van der Meer and Gesthuizen, 2009[38]; Laurence, 2017[39]). 2-17. (2011), Recent advances in intergroup contact theory, [45] Murtin,F. etal. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that social interactions between groups has a positive impact on social cohesion, and particularly, trust. Relatively few studies look at different elements of diversity. Bennett has also received funding from the ESRC for related work. Delhey and Newton (2005[41]) find that generalised social trust is not directly impacted by diversity, whereas it is negatively associated with income inequality. (2018), Birthplace Diversity and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Us States in the Post-World War II Period, IZA Discussion Paper Series, No. In the second reading speech for the Bill the Attorney-General, Michael Lavarch, stated that: It needs to be recognised that racial hatred does not exist in a vacuumit provides a climate in which people of a particular race or ethnic origin live in fear and in which discrimination can thrive. Similar results are found for US cities (Ottaviano and Peri, 2006[32]). As hypothesised, we found that in the short term, individuals react negatively to changes in religious diversity, experiencing a dip in their quality of life. However, the relationship between diversity and social cohesion is not clear-cut. Despite the extensive examination by socialists and theorists there is no universally agreed definition of social cohesion. (2018), Trust and its determinants: Evidence from the Trustlab experiment. Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content, Browse the selectedThemes and / or countries. Social Capital and Race in British Neighbourhoods. In Europe, research has also found a positive relationship between innovation and the share of the foreign-born population on a regional level (Ozgen, Nijkamp and Poot, 2012[5]). 267-291. It is the position of the Commission that we need legislative protection across all human rights not just racial discrimination. At: http:// www.uws.edu.au/social_sciences/soss/research/challenging_racism/findings_by_region (viewed 15 August 2013). The three main reasons for the Australia of today are the aboriginal (native) population, colonization by England, and immigration from many different countries and cultures. At first glance, protecting our own group seems to be at odds with approaching unknown groups, who might be friends or foes. [25] Glover,D., A.Pallais and W.Pariente (2017), Discrimination as a self-fulfilling prophecy: evidence from French grocery stores, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. I commend the bipartisan support for this dinner and the commitment from both political parties in ensuring that this features on the annual calendar of Parliament House. [46] Kemeny,T. and A.Cooke (2017), Urban Immigrant Diversity and Inclusive Institutions. [34] Alesina,A. and E.La Ferrara (2005), Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance. [27] Cooke,A. and T.Kemeny (2017), Cities, immigrant diversity, and complex problem solving, [28] Docquier,F. etal. The Effect of Employee Diversity on Innovation, Research Policy, Vol. Social diversity is all of the ways that people within a single culture are set apart from each other. gender, ethnicity or age. catering to needs and consumption patterns of diverse clients, Lower preferences for redistribution: e.g. Similarly, an analysis of reports filed in the context of the Dutch diversity law Wet SAMEN finds that skilled labour market shortage impacts ethnic minority representation positively (Verbeek, 2012[50]). It is central to our national identity. Research by McGuirk and Jordan (2012[10]) is a notable exception, exploring the link between innovation and diversity of educational background, migrant diversity and age diversity in Ireland. Before I begin I would like to acknowledge the Gadigal People of the Eora Nation, the Traditional Owners of the land upon which we gather today. Experiencing discrimination can lead to poor health both physically and mentally, taking years of life expectancy. on ethnic diversity, see also Balestra and Fleischer (2018[2])), on the other hand, quantifying diversity is not an easy endeavour given the multiple groups any person belongs to (gender, ethnicity, age, religion etc.). [12] Parrotta,P., D.Pozzoli and M.Pytlikova (2014), Labor diversity and firm productivity. [8] Ozgen C, Nijkamp P and J.Poot (2013), The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Firm Innovation: Evidence from Dutch micro-data. But we will not let it pass. Social and semantic contrasts prompted improper correspondence, which traded off validity, respectability, and group personality. 56/1, pp. But they have also fuelled growing tensions and division, illustrated by Donald Trumps most recent race controversy. Indeed, a field testing study has found that compared to natives, candidates with a foreign sounding name are equally often invited to a job interview if they apply for occupations for which vacancies are difficult to fill (Baert, Cockx and Gheyle, 2015[49]). (ed. Neighborhood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions. The Advantage Of Skilled Labor International Business Devising Profitable Strategies Expanding Markets Quality Resources Guaranteed Success Plans Improving Brand Image 4. There is some evidence suggesting that a positive impact of more gender equal boards is stronger in countries where gender equality is generally higher (Post and Byron, 2015[13]). Making Diversity Work for All, (stergaard, Timmermans and Kristinsson, 2011[11]), (Parrotta, Pozzoli and Pytlikova, 2014[12]), (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2016[26]), Tolsma, van der Meer and Gesthuizen, 2009[38], (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2014[42]), [2] Balestra,C. and L.Fleischer (2018), Diversity statistics in the OECD:How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity?. We should never underestimate the impact and effect of racial discrimination. Demographic-based affinity groups are formed around shared characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. (2017), Wider-community Segregation and the Effect of Neighbourhood Ethnic Diversity on Social Capital: An Investigation into Intra-Neighbourhood Trust in Great Britain and London, Sociology, Vol. A successful community in which individuals of different race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, socioeconomic status, language, geographical origin, gender and/or sexual orientation bring their different knowledge, background, experience and interest for the benefit of their diverse community. These findings point in the same direction as the literature focusing on the firm level, as they suggest that diversity is likely to have a stronger positive impact in high-skilled employment. . [3] Chellaraj,G., K.Maskus and A.Mattoo (2008), The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation, Review of International Economics, Vol. The diversity of ways Australians are and aren't religious or spiritual impacts on social policy, education, and interreligious relations. (2011), Getting Specific about Demographic Diversity Variable and Team Performance Relationships: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Management, Vol. At http://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/settlement-and-multicultural-affairs/publications/current-and-emerging-drivers-for-social-cohesion-social-division-and-conflict-in-multicultural-australia (viewed 23 June 2014). [4] Dandy and Pe-Pua. is the online library of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) featuring its books, papers, podcasts and statistics and is the knowledge base of OECD's analysis and data. [25] Glover,D., A.Pallais and W.Pariente (2017), Discrimination as a self-fulfilling prophecy: evidence from French grocery stores. Moreover, much of the literature rests on the assumption that more diverse boards can make better decisions because women and minorities differ in their knowledge, experiences or management styles and therefore can bring new insights and perspectives. Trax, Brunow and Suedekum (2015[18]) show for Germany that migrant diversity has a positive impact on firm productivity, particularly strongly within larger manufacturing plants and less so in service establishments, while the share of migrants, either at the firm level or in the region, has no effect. Survey findings should be interpreted as giving a first indication of how HR professionals who are likely to be rather open towards diversity view these issues. For example, Joshi and Roh (2009[22])find that higher shares of women and ethnic minorities have a small negative impact in majority male or white teams, but a positive impact when teams are more balanced. I acknowledge that legislation alone is not a panacea for racism. As part of our Racism.It stops with me campaign we have tried to build on this bystander approach and have released a community announcement featuring Racism.It stops with me Ambassador, Adam Goodes. Indeed, the link between all human rights based complaints and employment is very strong as people know almost instinctively, that if they are denied access to work, they will find it very hard to succeed in building their lives, educating their children and securing their futures. Females on Corporate Boards and Firm Financial Performance - A Meta-Analysis, Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. Race hatred laws have been one of the vital foundations for our enviable multicultural society. Although discrimination varied within sub-groups; Malaysian-born respondents reported the highest level of race discrimination (45%), followed by respondents who were born in India and Sri Lanka (42%), Singapore (41%), Indonesia (39%), and China and Hong Kong (39%). (2017), Wider-community Segregation and the Effect of Neighbourhood Ethnic Diversity on Social Capital: An Investigation into Intra-Neighbourhood Trust in Great Britain and London. Mapping Social Cohesion 2013. Employers will increasingly feel the cost of discriminatory behaviour in the context of growing labour market shortages, as their competitiveness will suffer from irrational hiring preferences (Gary Becker, 1957). 271-280. 500509. Particularly for board positions, however, members may be diverse on aspects such as gender or ethnicity, but in other aspects such as educational background, values or professional experiences they might be very similar, hence not always adding much in terms of new perspectives or novel ideas. . Multiculturalism has been an important element in the making of modern Australia, and has been critical to fostering social cohesion and inclusion. In essence, the definition of social impact means any significant or positive changes that solve or at least address social injustice and challenges. In the context of increasingly diverse populations, there is a clear interest in gauging the economic impact of diversity. Lastly, the survey included questions on what kind of support they would like to receive for implementing diversity policies in their firms and what areas of diversity policies should receive more attention in the future. [10] McGuirk,H. and D.Jordan (2012), Local labour market diversity and business innovation: evidence from Irish manufacturing businesses, European Planning Studies, Vol. [7] Bratti,M. and C.Conti (2014), The effect of (mostly unskilled) immigration on the innovation of Italian regions, IZA Discussion Paper No. It Stops with me website, and if you are part of a sporting organisation, club or business and you think they would be interested in supporting the campaign all the details of how to do so and what is involved is on the website. One of those submissions was from the Australian Human Rights Commission. Racism in Australia: The current state of play. Sections 18C and D of the Racial Hatred Bill 1995 were introduced at the request of the Australian Institute of Jewish affairs, and leaders of the Italian, Greek, Vietnamese and Chinese communities, following a National inquiry into Racist Violence conducted by Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (now the AHRC), the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Report in 1991 and the Report of the Law Reform Commission on Multiculturalism and the Law, the following year. [1] Markus, P. (2013). Recent Commission priorities lie in responding to racial vilification, especially online and also bullying in schools and the workplace. More diversity in education and gender appears to boost innovation while the impact of migrant diversity is not significant. In 2012, the Federal Government launched the National Anti-Racism Strategy, an initiative of its multicultural policy, The People of Australia. [5] Ozgen,C., P.Nijkamp and J.Poot (2012), Immigration and innovation in European regions, in Nijkamp,N., J.Poot and M.Sahin (eds.). 20, pp. This relationship is even stronger in more densely populated areas, pointing to possible agglomeration effects, i.e. 94, pp. More than ever before, our communities are changing in terms of their ethnic and religious composition. [40] Baldwin,K. and J.Huber (2010), Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision, American Political Science Review, Vol. Although it is important to have strategies and campaigns in place to build awareness, understanding and facilitate cultural change, we also need legislation that protects our human rights and fundamental freedoms. These notions of equality, participation and empowerment are values that underpin our work at the Australian Human Rights Commission, including anti-discrimination laws in respect of disability, age, social justice and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, race, and gender. 85-96. Racial discrimination contributes to social and economic disadvantage;[5] likewise, social and economic exclusion can exacerbate experiences of racial discrimination.[6]. 1945-1960. The Commission is Australias national human rights institution accredited with an A status under the Paris Principles. Second, research that can identify causal links between diversity and economic outcomes, e.g. But the potential benefits can only be realised if organisations foster a conducive atmosphere for their diverse workforce. At the level of US States, they estimate that a 1-percentage point increase in the share of foreign-born STEM college graduates in the overall graduate population boosts patents per capita by 9-18 percent. For the same reporting year we received 500 complaints under the Racial Discrimination Act, equating to nearly a quarter of all complaints received by the Commission. No.10239, Institute for the Study of Labor. [44] Pettigrew,T. etal. Report prepared for: Joint Commonwealth, State and Territory Research Advisory Committee (RAC) March 2013. Regarding attitudes towards social spending and redistribution, in EU countries, positive attitudes among native-born towards income redistribution decrease with higher immigrant diversity and a higher share of immigrants in the population (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2014[42]). Based on interests and goals (sustainability, professional development, etc.) A number of studies make a difference between highly job-related diversity, such as educational background, job position or function in the company, and diversity aspects that are less job-related, e.g. It is critical that we have a source of leadership and guidance at the national level on multicultural issues and I encourage the Government to outline what it plans to do moving into the future. However, while the impact of diversity might be small, there is a strong economic argument against discrimination and non-inclusion based on the sizeable cost associated with it. Mapping Social Cohesion 2013. [23] Horwitz,S. and I.Horwitz (2007), The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography, Journal of Management, Vol. The most significant piece of work in Australia on social cohesion is conducted by the Scanlon Foundation. [4] Hunt,J. and M.Gauthier-Loiselle (2010), How much does immigration boost innovation?, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, Vol. By 2031, it is estimated that this number will exceed one million, with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprising 3.9 per cent of the population. The words offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate were drawn from the much earlier Sex Discrimination Act of 1984.

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