why did china become communist quizlet

[33] Proponents of peasant exploitation as a cause of the Chinese Communist Revolution argue that these rents were often exorbitant and contributed to the extreme poverty of the peasantry. But better late than never. Soviet aid to the KMT government would continue, as would co-operation with the CCP. A military showdown with its former ally, Vietnam, was in the making and Vietnam had a mutual support treaty with the Soviets. Many historians agree with the Chinese Communist Party official history that the Chinese Revolution dates to the founding of the Party in 1921. You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. The PRC was also looking for allies. [117][125][126] Almost immediately after arrival of the NRA, mass anti-foreigner riots broke out in the city, in an event that came to be known as the Nanjing Incident. [186] At first, Mao demanded that Chiang grant the CCP certain conditions, but sustained pressure from Joseph Stalin made him realize the extent of the CCP's international isolation. Between 1927 and 1937, Communists tried to gain power for themselves, with the nationalists suppressing them. We cant treat this incarnation of China as a normal country, just like any other.. [86] The KMT ratified this United Front at its First National Congress in 1924. [2003] (2003). The announcement Timeline, Biographies Photo of workers in a field making their own steel using tall, cylindrical barrels. A Brief Overview of Chinas Cultural Revolution, A Look at Hong Kong and China 20 Years After Reunification, Which Country Is Larger By Population? An attempt to take the Nationalist-controlled island of Kinmen was thwarted in the Battle of Kuningtou. [60] One of the most influential study groups was led by Li Dazhao, head librarian at Peking University. For most of the war the Communists had operated in rural areas without factories or support from the Allies, which the Kuomintang received in abundance. [219] The outcome of these encounters were decisive for the military outcome of the civil war. The immediate effect was to make it clear to CCP leaders that a formal military apparatus was needed, and during the flight from Nanchang they founded the Chinese Red Army.[141]. This tactic seemed to be successful; after a year, the power balance became more favorable to the CCP. . [205], During negotiations, Chiang's main offer was to move from the second stage of Sun Yat-Sen's stages of unification (KMT tutelage) to the third stage (constitutional government). Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader: Social and Historical Perspectives. What was the goal of the Great Leap Forward, and did it succeed, according to the author? It served primarily as a solid foundation for other forms of open and concealed exploitation which taken together raised a handful of families far above the rest of the inhabitants economically and hence politically and socially as well. [162] In the eight years of war, the CCP membership rose from 40,000 to 1,200,000. [115], The Wuhan government proved its competency when, in January 1927, violent protests broke out in the British concession at Hankou. CCP's 6th Party Congress there, rather than in China. Jiang Jieshi. [119][97] In February 1927, he launched an offensive on the last and most important cities under Sun Choufang's control: Nanjing and Shanghai. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Current one is: December 15. [228][229], The founding of the Central People's Government of China was formally proclaimed by Chairman Mao Zedong on October 1, 1949, at 3:00 pm in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, the new capital. [68][84] This was justified in view of the "two-stage theory" of revolution, which postulated that "feudal" societies such as China's needed to undergo a period of capitalist development before they could experience a successful socialist revolution. [124][127] Although it was a mix of both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army who had participated in the riots, Chiang Kai-shek's faction accused Lin Boqu of planning the unrest in order to turn international opinion against the KMT. This collaboration lasted until the "White Terror" of 1927, when the Nationalists turned on the Communists, killing them or purging them from the party. Rather than confront the advancing Nationalists head on, Lin Biao avoided decisive confrontations, and in doing so was able to preserve the strength of his army. In the early 1950's, the PRC began its land reform process, mobilizing hundreds of thousands of poor peasants to liberate land from wealthy landlords and redistribute their resources. [117][120][121] On 22 March, NRA General Bai Chongxi's forces marched into Shanghai victorious. [171] This consolidation of wealth in the regime's hands contributed to the pervasive problem of corruption. Tung, William L. [1968] (1968). [194] Stalin initially favored a coalition government in postwar China, and tried to persuade Mao to stop the CCP from crossing the Yangtze and attacking the KMT positions south of the river. To trail behind them, gesticulating and criticizing. [66][72] The Chinese Communist Party grew slowly in its first few years. [226] The CCP brought 890,000 troops from the northeast to oppose some 600,000 KMT troops. [20], Prior to the revolution, the majority of agricultural land in rural China was owned by a class of landlords and wealthy peasants, with between 50 and 65 percent of peasants owning little or no land and thus needing to rent additional land from landlords. Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasising the growing class and ideological divide within the revolutionary movement. However, agricultural output was pretty bad. In the early 1900s, there was one image that kept popping up in Chinese newspapers and magazines: the melon. In October of Province, as a potential point of retreat. [95] At the same time, Chiang made conciliatory moves toward the Soviet Union, and attempted to balance the need for Soviet and CCP assistance in the fight against the warlords with his concerns about growing communist influence within the KMT. For this, they turned to the only government with such experiencethe Soviet Union. U.S. forces flew tens of 1998 - 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights Reserved. During the early PRC days, he was true to his word. the Secretary of State, Travels of [177][178][179] When the Japanese surrendered, the Communists' "Liberated Zone" grew to contain 19 base areas (mostly in north China), making up one-quarter of the country's territory and one-third of its population. thousands of Nationalist Chinese troops into Japanese-controlled territory and [149] This triggered debates inside China on whether the Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-Shek, the administration with the strongest claim to national leadership at the time, should declare war on Japan. We shall thus virtually notify the Communists that they can consider the war ended and themselves as victors.. The PRC, led by Mao Zedong, embarked on the huge task of building a socialist state. French historian Lucien Bianco argues that before the war, the peasantry had not been ready for revolution; economic reasons were not enough to mobilize them. Slave labor campsthe Gulag in the Soviet Union, the laogai in China. In most cases the surrounding countryside and small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. Every Chinese is free to choose, but events will force you to make the choice quickly. In. [177] In the south, the New Fourth Army had recovered from the attempted massacre of its forces and established a serious Communist presence along the banks of the Yangtze. World War Two Timeline From The Great War To Germanys Surrender. [165] According to historian Chalmers Johnson, by the end of the war the CCP had also won the support of perhaps 100 million peasants in the regions where they had operated. While two of Chiang's columns advanced on Shanghai, Sun was confronted with the defection of his navy and a communist general strike. Why or why not? [234]. [2003] (2003). their civil war. Biden needs to state, officially and unequivocally, that the U.S. will do whatever is necessary to assure the democratic security of both Ukraine and Taiwan as front-line states in the existential struggle between democracy and authoritarianism. [74][75][76] In contrast, the Kuomintang had 50,000 members already in 1923. Index, A Short History Truman, however, did not embrace the new communist China. 20th Century Timeline Of World History: What Happened? [125] Whatever was responsible, the Nanjing Incident represented the culmination of tensions within the First United Front. Baseless as the claims are, they divert attention, at least for some, from the actual crimes against humanity being perpetrated by Russian forces in Ukraine as well as Vladimir Putins criminal actions in Russia itself, where he crushes domestic opposition to the war and his regime, often murderously. [137][138][139][140] Despite initial success they were unable to withstand direct pressure from the KMT's National Revolutionary Army (NRA). No significant agreements were reached, as both sides used the time to further prepare themselves for the ensuing conflict.[210]. In fact, it was the PRC and not the Soviet Union that was the main socialist backer of Communists in the Korean and Vietnam Wars for a while. [203] The Americans were anxious to have the Nationalists take over their duties, and so General Wedemeyer further ordered the airlifting of 100,000 Nationalist troops into Northern China. In Beijing, 19 leading Communists were killed by Zhang Zuolin. [150] Chiang, despite popular disapproval, wanted to continue to focus on wiping out the Chinese Communist Party before moving on to Japan. The exact end of the Revolution is also a bit unclear. Although not a communist, Sun admired the success of the Russian Revolution and sought help from the Soviet Union. Zhang, Chunhou. This What was the goal of the Cultural Revolution, and did it succeed, according to the author? Communist China joined North Korea in the war in November 1950, unleashing a massive Chinese ground attack against American forces. It gave Taiwan nearly the same status as any other nation recognized by the United States and also mandated that arms sales continue to the Nationalist government. [226] The PLA suffered heavy casualties while securing Zhangjiakou, Tianjin along with its port and garrison at Dagu and Beiping. The general disorder caused by the strike is said to have resulted in the deaths of 322 people, with 2,000 wounded, contributing to KMT feelings of unease with its rising Communist allies. "Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians, Books Says". invaders. A fire burns in the background as explosions light up the night sky. The what? There are three alternatives. Elleman, Bruce A. Pacific Affairs 24, no. Indifference to the deaths of those who resisted or even questioned communism, resulting in an estimated twenty million victims in the Soviet Union and as many as sixty million victims in China. Western hostility against the Peoples Republic of China, sharpened by the Korean War, contributed to the intensity of the ensuing Sino-Soviet relationship. The Communist victory had a major impact on the global balance of power: China became the largest socialist state by population, and, after the 1956 Sino-Soviet split, a third force in the Cold War. [51], In May 1919, news reached China that the Versailles Peace Conference had decided to give German-occupied province of Shandong to Japan rather than returning it to China. Over the past decade, the Party has invested billions of dollars into overseas propaganda operations to great effect., While Xi Jinping has been compared to Mao Zedong, OBrien pointed to an earlier communist model. A Chinese Muslim Hui cavalry regiment, the 14th Tungan Cavalry, was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions along the border during the Pei-ta-shan Incident. Soong. Bo Gu became nominal party secretary while Wang Ming became the de facto paramount leader. The last direct fighting between Nationalist and Communist forces ended with the Communist capture of Hainan Island in April 1950, though shelling and guerrilla raids continued for several years. In both countries, Marxist-Leninist ideology was an essential element that gave the Communist Party absolute power and ensured its control of domestic and foreign policy. Even the Chinese Communist Party later called the policies "a great catastrophe", and many leaders believed it was really just Mao's way of eliminating his rivals within the party. That development became a central focus of Chinas political history from 1949. plan for their efforts to retake the mainland. [53] In what became known as the May Fourth Movement, large protests erupted in major cities across China. Posted a year ago. [204] As Nationalist troops moved in to formerly occupied territories, looting and large-scale corruption were common. Poor management 2. [237], Communist Party / Soviet Republic ( Red Army) Liberated Area ( 8th Route Army, N4A, etc. Vaughan, C. Edwin. After that, resistance to the Communists on the mainland was substantial but scattered, such as in the far south. 1-2 (1984): 51-67. Mao had hoped his revolutionary movement would turn China into a beacon of communism. Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 19461950. The goal was to destroy the "Four Olds" of pre-Communist China: Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas. It avoided the strong points of the KMT army and was prepared to abandon territory in order to preserve its forces. Party General Secretary Xi Jinping sees himself as Joseph Stalins successor., In his own speech a month later, Pompeo warned: We must admit a hard truth that should guide us in the years and decades to come, that if we want to have a free 21st century, and not the Chinese century of which Xi Jinping dreams, the old paradigm of blind engagement with China simply wont get it done., Instead, Pompeo invoked Richard Nixons message prior to his presidential trip to Beijing: The world cannot be safe until China changes. To march at their head and lead them. Economically, American businessmen were eager to try and exploit the huge Chinese market. She was previously a World History Fellow at Khan Academy, where she worked closely with the College Board to develop curriculum for AP World History. The actual trigger came when the government gave control of China's railways to foreign companies. Land reform did proceed in the countryside: landlords were virtually eliminated as a class, land was redistributed, and, after some false starts, Chinas countryside was placed on the path toward collectivization. Wright, Mary C. "The Chinese peasant and communism." They had won a great deal of support among the common people, especially peasants, who were glad to escape from the control of wealthy landlords and corrupt warlords. [117] The Wuhan administration gradually drifted away from Chiang, becoming a center of leftist power and seeking to reassert civilian control over the military. Revolutionary priorities had to be made consonant with other needs. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. While in Moscow, Xiang was able to convince the Soviet leadership to hold the Gao. Beijing along with its strategic allies and partners Russia, Iran and North Korea sees the West in decline and strives to hasten its fall, just as the Soviet Union and its acolytes attempted in the original Cold War. ", Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International, Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, a strategy based on rural guerilla warfare, national flag of the People's Republic of China, Northern Military Region Band (now the Central Military Band of the PLA), Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army, Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, 19601961 campaign at the ChinaBurma border, clashing in Southeast Asia during the cold war, "The Chinese Communist Revolution in a Global Perspective", "Milestones: 19451952: The Chinese Revolution of 1949", "Before and After the May Fourth Movement", "May4th and June4th Compared: A Sociological Study of Chinese Social Movements", "Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests, Past and Present", "Chen Duxiu: Role in the intellectual revolution", "Democracy, Enlightenment, and Revolution: Cantonese Marxists and Chinese Social Democracy, 19201922", "On Party Anniversary, China Rewrites History", "1st.

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