hetch hetchy controversy apush

San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. should be ended altogether. Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). He urged African Americans to get an educationgo beyond trade/agricultural schools to the university. Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? Not far from there, youll find more budget-minded lodging at Buck Meadows Lodge. Then, in 1906, a devastating earthquake caused a series of fires in San Francisco that destroyed 25,000 buildings across 490 city blocks. forever.. o They agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy but differed in their approach. San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? Why did voter turnout decline? And, as you might imagine, it produces some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States. 02/08/2011. Next to John Muir, the most vocal defender of the Hetch Hetchy Valley was Harriet Monroe. respond? . o Longer life expectancy By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. Did Roosevelt run for a third term? Whom did the party nominate? 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with . 1920, suffragists won ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentguaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation. During the opening months of his administration, Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective rates. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. But what about when the lake dries? Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. Du Bois towards race relations? National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. The law authorizing the dam passed Congress on December 7, 1913. PDF APUSH Key Terms for understanding (Second Semester) Chapter 15 In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. The chief replied, There is no valley. On returning home, he asked an Indian chief the name of the valley. Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! Learn what to expect from Mirror Lake in various seasons. Her influence helped spark the settlement house For all the similarities between Hetch Hetchy Valley and Yosemite Valley, there is one enormous difference the Hetch Hetchy reservoir. o Teaching Women found themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions. should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. In contrast to the utilitarian view, the preservationist approach denied the assumption that the natural world existed solely to serve mans purposes. It forced elected representatives to consider what a national park designation truly meant and whether or not the land within these parks deserved protection. The Blackberry Inn Bed and Breakfast is just one of many welcoming businesses located on the way to Hetch Hetchy. Pinchot upset and leaked the information to the press and asked Congress to investigate. Muir was an immigrant, an evangelist, an individualistic outsider. What was the goal of the American Medical Association? Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. HETCH HETCHY: The Epic Enviro Battle That Changed America o Settlement houses Second, dams slow rivers. 5: 1297089180: initiative: A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. Robert W. Righter. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. o Social cohesion: individuals are part of a great web of social relationships, and each person's Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. He discovered it a few of years later. By 1908, a different Interior Secretary, James R. Garfield, sided with the utilitarian conservationists and issued a permit for the Hetch Hetchy project. Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. What reform issues did Wilson not support? Tammany Hall: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks, Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir, 10 EPIC Things to Do at Pinnacles National Park (Expert Guide) 2023, 25 MUST-SEE California Landmarks (Expert Guide + Photos). Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? The most prominent preservationist spokesman was John Muir.. Newlands Reclamation Act: Definition. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. Pinchot was a blue blood, a Puritan, a community-oriented insider. What was the WTUL? As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. Socialist Party of America Once again, the political pendulum would swing. Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. Should natural resources be used to serve the greatest good for the greatest number? William Howard Taft Building a dam there was off the table. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. In the distance, long white plumes of water cascade hundreds of feet down from rocky heights. Do you feel that this is still the thinking of our current society? They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. Plus, they needed a way to bring supplies and workers into the mountains. Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I. Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. What was it committed to? Not to be outdone by Los Angeles, San Francisco had a greater feat in mind: dam the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park and pipe the water into San Francisco. A full breakfast is served in the dining room. The battle for the Hetch Hetchy Valleys future was not simply preservation versus conservation. Hetch Hetchy controversy: Definition. Describe the founding of the NAACP. At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. The commission took a four-month tour of the American West, surveying and ultimately recommending that the government assume protection of more than 21 million acres of forest across 13 reserves. The Battle over Hetch Hetchy - Google Books both A and B held a strong commitment to improved racial justice. View of the OShaughnessy Dam and the Hetchy Hetchy Road and parking. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. History. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. Referendum: wave of antiradicalism subjected them to enormous harassment and persecution. Had it been, the Sierra Clubs members would have presented a united front in opposition to its development. Its chief concern was redeeming the nation's cities. These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Others argued that we must limit the flow of new arrivals. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". After 2.5 miles (4.0 km), youll reach the Wapama Falls Bridge with an up-close view of the lowest section of Wapama Falls. Some argued that women needed to be able to vote especially if blacks, immigrants, and other "base" groups had access to the vote. Explain. The National Park Service conducted research to determine what would happen if the dam were removed, and people have repeatedly proposed costly studies to further understand the consequences of removing the dam. Fourth, dams alter water quality. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts It was the second tallest dam in the U.S. at the time. One freezing night on the commission trip, the two talked until midnight, huddled around a campfire on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. Like Muir, he was totally transfixed by the Hetch Hetchy Valley. "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. Had to balance the Northern businessmen and reformers. On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. But it was later struck down by the court. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. I will agree to take down Hetch Hetchy, when we first replace it with a bigger new reservoir such as a bigger taller Yosemite Valley dam at El Capitan. What part should mountains, rivers, natural meadows or wild creatures play in American life? How to Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. Be specific. Photo: Chris Migeon. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office a. Rancheria Falls itself is a series of whitewater cascades that crashes through a narrow canyon on its way to the reservoir. The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. Roosevelt also favored the natural beauty of the land and health of the wildlife. Morgan not used to being told "no". Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. Plus, the granite walls converge into a narrow outlet at the bottom of the valley the perfect location for a dam. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. secretary of the interior. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13: Additional Resources in the Hetch Hetchy controversy Panic of 1907 William Howard Taft's presidency Children's Bureau New Nationalism election of 1912 The Progressive Party Woodrow Wilson's presidency New Freedom Federal Reserve act Keatings-Owen act "Big Stick" Diplomacy Open Door Policy Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Platt amendment Panam Canal o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. Pinchot wrote that the men felt like guilty schoolboys the next morning, returning to their hotel to assure their travel companions they hadnt fallen into the chasm. The second concept is preservation. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. o Children beginning school at an earlier age, spending more time there Progressive political leaders, of whom Mayor Phelan was one, believed it was time to take this power away from the private interests and turn it over to the people. An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. 1860-1935. Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? The battle for Hetch Hetchy wasnt just conservationists vs preservationists. W.E.B. Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. Most turned to "helping" professionssociety considered domestic and suitable for women: Explain. had the right to be expanded. Is your answer You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. The question Pinchot always asked was, What is the greatest good for the greatest number?, He was famously quoted as saying, Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run., RELATED: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, In his congressional testimony, Pinchot argued in favor of building the dam. o Commander of the Rough Riders Some embraced it while others rejected it. To get to Hetch Hetchy, turn north off Highway 120 onto Evergreen Road about 1 mile (2.2 km) outside the Big Oak Flat Entrance gate, and 12.5 miles (20 km) east of the small community of Buck Meadows. For Chapter 29 only read and take notes on pages 679-685 Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to . Dam the Hetch Hetchy! On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. John Muir once described Hetch Hetchy Valley as, a grand landscape garden, one of Natures rarest and most precious mountain temples.. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This is interesting from an ideological perspective. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. 10. preservationists (John Muir) vs. conservationists (Gifford Pinchot), Hetch Hetchy controversy 11. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. Sheep roamed across these unclaimed lands, clearing grass for miles. He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation Challenges to traditional partiesGreenbacks, Populism, Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) Secret ballotsprinted by the government and distributed at the polls to be filled out and deposited in secrethelped chip away at the power of the parties over voters. What was the panic of 1907? This can be very disorienting to fish and disrupt their migrations as they depend on steady streams and flows to guide them. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. Once the glaciers retreated, tributaries leading into the main river were left hanging hundreds or thousands of feet above the valley floor, creating the beautiful waterfalls we know today. Browers Hetch Hetchy: Undoing A Great American Mistake, makes a compelling case for restoring the valley to its previous glory. Today, the National Park and U.S. Forest Service embody the legacy of Muir and Pinchots alliance. Yet we tend to focus on the latter, the story that pits Muir and Pinchot against each other. Fight for their civil rights. In 1909, Taft's popularity with reformers was destroyed for good. If you love that insider feeling of discovering an often-overlooked gem, plan a stop at Buck Meadows on your way to or from Hetch Hetchy. It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. What became one of the first targets of those working for political reform? Some hydro-power dams withhold and then release water to generate power for peak demand periods, which is particularly disruptive to migrating fish. Called for arbitration between the groups. The pressure that Muir and his compatriots generated in 1908 and 1909 did not dissuade the administration from its support of the Hetch Hetchy dam, but this pressure was quite effective in the realm of electoral politics. Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. economy. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. What was the Socialist Party of America? "Social justice" a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. The Tuolumne River continues through Tuolumne Meadows and the associated park developments at an elevation of 8,600 feet. Government should regulate The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. Courtesy of Evergreen Lodge Northern California's reservoir levels continued to rise in the week after an. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. Subjects: 28 apush chapter . [11] Recall: Initiative and Referendum o Divorce rate grew. They needed to find a way to increase the power of the electorate and decrease the power of the bosscontrolled legislatures. o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. him was beyond question. Five country-chic rooms in the main building include en suite bathrooms, free WiFi and electric fireplaces. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, refused to give San Francisco a permit to build the dam. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. He took the White House after McKinley's assassination. o As president, he became a champion of cautious, moderate change. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). AMA called for strict, scientific standards. Round percent to hundredths. Calculate the return on investment for 2,0002,0002,000 shares of a mutual fund purchased with an offer price of $15.83\$ 15.83$15.83 if the shares were sold with a NAV of $18.72\$ 18.72$18.72. Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. had particular strength in the West. Her poetic descriptions of Hetch hetchy won her the attention of powerful members of Congress. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. Hetch Hetchy is the incredible story of Americas most controversial dam and the birth of the environmental movement. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? or break up trusts at the state and national level. o New York City police commissioner From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind.

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