average citation rates by field 2020

(As noted above: central range is a descriptive, non-technical term used to indicate the consistent plateau of similar Highly Cited Researcher self-citation rates within each field that appears to reflect typical cultural self-citation behaviour.). Scientometrics, 67(3), 503514. Inclusion of these would undoubtedly have increased the volume of papers and affected the results, though the direction or magnitude of change is unclear. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02016632. Scientometrics,72(3), 427437. Conceding all variables and interactions, and different opinions about the function and meaning of self-citation, is there a standard rate at which self-citation is expected to appear? This paper introduces a graphical method for testing for indicative excessive author self-citation and hence distinguishing this, via informed data review, from the true performance of the most influential researchers. 2019; Peroni et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458493. A users guide to inflated and manipulated impact factors. [6] examined OA article citation performance in the field of civil engineering, in terms of jour- . Coercive citation in academic publishing. Note: RCRs are only available for articles in PubMed. Brooks, T. A. In our sample, the database captured about three-quarters of the papers that should be included but is more precise in labeling only reports of research on original work as Article. Text & Talk,38(3), 365387. In 2020, Frontiers was the 3rd most-cited publisher. For example, the top decile of author self-citation could be within normal range for some fields and yet not for others. [8][9] Similarly, review papers are more often cited than regular research papers because they summarize results from many papers. The influence of author self-citations on bibliometric meso-indicators: The case of European universities. Does co-authorship inflate the share of self-citations? Elsevier's Field-Weighted Citation Impact . A baseline of 15 Covid-19 articles was set as a requirement for a journal to be included. The Frontiers Neuroscience journal series includes all Frontiers journals in the field of Neuroscience. Engqvist, L., & Frommen, J. G. (2010). Whilst in Sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors. Furthermore, many will be seen by more junior peers as exemplars of leadership in their field and the standards they set would therefore be deemed appropriate to the field. This dataset has particular value. Huang, M. H., & Lin, W. Y. C. (2011). An annual value that measures the citation impact of a title (i.e., journal, book series, conference proceeding or trade journal; includes special issues). The metric tide: Report of the independent review of the role of metrics in research assessment and management. It also allows users to search within cited works. van Raan, A. F. J. (defined by research field and publication year) by the total number of papers Almost all individuals records lie clearly within the normal central range and largely below the low threshold. The issue of prolificacy and self-citation stacking, Is Self-Citation Biased? Of the 10 cities in our study where buying is more favorable than renting, five are in the Midwest. An RCR of 1 is considered average, while an RCR greater than 1 is above average. As noted in the Introduction, typical rate of self-referencing around 10% was discussed by Garfield (1979) and has since been found by others. The terminology used to describe these different aspects of self-mention can be confusing: self-referencing is called synchronous and (in terms of author or journal citations) the self-citing rate; self-citation is called diachronous and (in terms of author or journal citations) the self-cited rate (Garfield 1979; Lawani 1982; Todeschini and Baccini 2016). (2019). 2019; Biagioli et al. It is measured each year by the Web of Science Group and reported in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). 6, 7, 8, 9) includes all graphs for each field, to illustrate the balance of consistency and variability in self-referencing and self-citing behaviour. A taxonomy of motives to cite. 2020, Vol. Relative Citation Ratio (RCR): A new metric that uses citation rates to measure influence at the article level. Baselines are annualized expected citation rates for papers in a research field. Some researchers also propose that the journal citation rate on Wikipedia, next to the traditional citation index, "may be a good indicator of the work's impact in the field of psychology. Such considerations stem from the Mertonian notion of a citation as a repayment of an intellectual debt, which in turn provides reward in the form of community recognition to those so credited (Small 2004). papers published in one research field in a given year. [12] Of Thomson Reuter's Web of Science database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers (~0.026%) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014.[12]. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.mar.03. In this paper we report our investigations as to whether there is a typical or normal range of self-citation for each of 21 discipline-based fields employed in Essential Science Indicators (ESI: these are listed in the Appendix Table1) and we describe a graphical test for significant outliers. Merton, R. K. (1942). Measuring research. Evidence of complex citer motivations. Biagioli, M., & Lippman, A. The Highly Cited Researchers review procedure has the goal of identifying community-wide influence and its focus is the extent of self-citing rather than self-referencing, but both are examined for each putative selectee. (2018). Self-citation as an impact-reinforcing mechanism in the science system. Disciplines were selected based on the likelihood of having high relevancy to Covid-19 and, therefore, a sufficient volume of Covid-19-related papers in that fields premier journals. Is the researcher a senior investigator with a long record of publication? Small, H. (2004). Scientometrics,94(2), 777780. American Documentation,14(3), 195201. It should be obvious that citations (to older papers) come from references (in newer papers) and that the totals of references and cites are the same, but it is less obvious that the distributions differ. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000018535.99885.e9. A., Bresciani, K., Ramos, T., De Matos, L., Castellane, P., & Cerdeira, M. (2015). Non-citation rates vary enormously by field. When controlling for influence of field categorization and article numbers, Covid-19 papers received 84% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers in the non-randomized sample (p<0.001, 95% CI [1.222.45]). These data are therefore susceptible to a thorough quantitative analysis that is unaffected by small-number effects among papers or cites for any single cluster. Pichappan, P., & Sarasvady, S. (2002). Types of items Journals included Time periods for counts Average Citation Rates Thresholds Types of items counted Papers are defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. You can find an article's field normalized citation metrics in either iCite or Scopus. Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, Affiliation: The IQR-related threshold tested in this analysis is highly conservative: it seeks to attach as many researcher portfolios as possible to the central range and to establish where the potentially most egregious outliers are located. The 10 most cited papers all had more than 40,000 citations. 2019). Because this dataset includes what are acknowledged to be particularly influential researchers, the results may not be wholly typical of the average researcher in the field but should serve as a bellwether for culturally appropriate citation practice. Fields that lie outside the main distribution (Pharmacology, Mathematics and Space Science) have been labelled. The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. 2019). Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Bordons, M. (2010). Physics (194 Highly Cited Researchers) is a similar sized field to Engineering to which its research culture might also be linked. [53] Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics, such as the field-normalized h-index. [25][26][27][28], As early as 2004, the BMJ published the number of views for its articles, which was found to be somewhat correlated to citations. Additionally, citation rate for Covid-19 papers has been assessed previously without direct comparison to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals [20]. 4 (self-citing) and in the Appendix (Table2: self-referencing and Table3: self-citing) as linear data for ready interpretation of percentages. Kaplan, N. (1965). Many have observed that the term self-citation is frequently used to mean two different forms or modes of self-mention: self-referencing (cited reference to self within a list in ones own publication); and self-citing (citations from ones own work among all citations to ones publications). PMC offers a feature that allows for location of citing works in PMC. Michael D. Brandt, The Journal Impact Factor is the average number of citations received in the last year to articles published in the previous two years. Otherwise, the person would be forced into publishing in obscure journals. Quantity of citations for Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles with median and range values across all fields. A = citations in published articles in 2020 and 2021 by indexed journals during 2022. Citation counts follow mostly a lognormal distribution, except for the long tail, which is better fit by a power law.[17]. This certainly cautions against any simple test of inappropriate behaviour and confirms the need for informed scrutiny and interpretation. Journal self-citations: Analyzing the JIF mechanism. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1. To explore the variation in self-citation by field, a standard visualisation was created to evaluate the profile of the bulk of the population and the location within that profile of the median and upper and lower quartiles. One of the most basic citation metrics is how often an article was cited in other articles, books, or other sources (such as theses). Kacem, A., Flatt, J. W., & Mayr, P. (2019). Journal of Informetrics,12(3), 931949. Relevant data are summarised for reference in Appendix Tables2 and 3. The highly cited papers were clustered by author, initially using an algorithmic approach. For instance, most papers in Nature (impact factor 38.1, 2016) were only cited 10 or 20 times during the reference year (see figure). Individual author data-points appear as outliers, discontinuous with the central range, which lie beyond the calculated test thresholds. 2015; Bakare and Lewison 2017; Bornmann et al. received by all papers in all fields published during the 10-year period divided Detecting h-index manipulation through self-citation analysis. 267278). https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090160305. While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(46), 1656916572. Such reasons imply behaviors that conform both to Mertonian norms and also to the social constructivist interpretation of citation theory (Merton 1942; Kaplan 1965; Moravcsik and Murugesan 1975; Gilbert 1977; Cozzens 1989; Bonzi and Snyder 1991; White 2001; Bornmann and Daniel 2008; Davis 2009; Erikson and Erlandson 2014; Tahamtan and Bornmann 2018, 2019; Aksnes et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153730. 2010). The combination of a long bibliography of papers published in obscure journals and an abnormally high self-citation count would make the intent so obvious that the technique would be self-defeating (Garfield 1979). [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Some experimental and observational studies have found that articles published in OA journals do not receive more citations, on average, than those published in subscription journals;[42][43] other studies have found that they do. Jonathan Adams. Note Citation counts for a year are the number of citations in the peer-reviewed literature for articles published in that year. Key parameters for analysing the distributions of the frequency of self-references among Highly Cited Researchers (20082018) by Essential Science Indicator fields. Citation benchmarking shows how citations received by this article compare with the average for similar articles. The linear plot is of benefit because it allows ready interpretation and reference back to the original data values. Looking at all categories and journals that were included, Covid-19 articles published between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 are being cited at considerably higher rates than the non-Covid-19 papers. What do citation counts measure? https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000045117.13348.b1. The process captured in Fig. These rates of self-citation are evidently much lower than those of self-referencing, as expected for Highly Cited Researchers because their broad peer influence attracts many cites from others (van Raan 2008), and they are relatively more variable between fields compared to self-referencing. [20] Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,[21] spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source. Gianoli, E., & Molina-Montenegro, M. A. The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. We emphasize the labelling we use for these two because there is potential confusion in the terms self citing and self cited, which have been used elsewhere. A citation rate is the average number of citations received by a group of Heneberg, P. (2016). For additional information on how RCRs are calculated, see Hutchins et al. The journal impact factor, the two-year average ratio of citations to articles published, is a measure of the importance of journals. In this paper we consider self-referencing and self-citing, describe the typical shape of self-citation patterns for carefully curated publication sets authored by 3517 Highly Cited Researchers and quantify the variance in the distribution of self-citation rates within and between all 21 Essential Science Indicators fields. Leydesdorff, L., & Milojevi, S. (2012). Institutions (Glnzel et al. Chapter The concept of self-citation (self-referencing or self-citation) can also be defined narrowly or broadly, that is, including or not including coauthors (Snyder and Bonzi 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel et al. The Citation Tracker feature also allows for generation of a Citation Overview chart and for removal of self-citations from the overall citation counts. Shehatta, I., & Al-Rubaish, A. M. (2019). Performance-based university research funding systems. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23266. Figure3 presents clear visual confirmation that the self-referencing rate across most fieldsshown here by rank order of the medianis rather low with a very consistent pattern which includes all but the most-citing three or four fields. Scientometrics,109(3), 19892005. Ideas in Ecology and Evaluation,7(1), 12. 6, 7, 8, 9). 22. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1:115126 (Reprinted in: Merton, R. K. (1973). [16] Detecting impact factor manipulation with data mining techniques. These outliers may be distinguished graphically by setting a threshold related to the inter-quartile range of the relevant dataset. The Citation Report feature displays bar charts for the number of items published each year and the number of citations each year, plus counts for the average number of citations per item, the number of citations per year per publication, average number of citations per year per publication, and the H-index. "[63], "Citation metric" redirects here. The median self-reference rate and the median self-citation rate for each ESI field are compared in Fig. Although the cross-field Highly Cited Researchers are reviewed in-house with other data, they are not included in the analysis in this paper because of the variance between fields in citation rates. We compare these rates with citation rates for non-Covid-19 articles published in the same 24 journals over an identical time frame. Median rates of self-referencing were generally within a small range, from 7.38% in Economics & Business (ECB) to 11.26% in Social Sciences (SSS) with upper quartiles below 16%. 2006; Schubert et al. 2019; Simoes and Crespo 2020). There were 330 nonempty fields per year, on average, over 7 years, so this gave 2,310 data sets to analyze. 2019). For example, it has been shown that the number of citations received by a publication, once properly rescaled by its average across articles published in the same discipline and in the same year, follows a universal log-normal distribution that is the same in every discipline. Correspondence to Zhao, D. Z., & Strotmann, A. Science,335(6068), 542543. Sherief A. Ghozy, The authors are employees of the Institute for Scientific Information, which is a part of Clarivate Analytics, the owners of the Web of Science Group. The proportion was 2% in 2020 and it increased to 7% in 2021. This suggests that journal impact factor, which is a product of the number of citations that recently published articles receive, will likely be drastically influenced by the number of Covid-19 papers that a journal has included within its pages in the previous years. Trimble, V. (1986). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.12.004. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580486. Average Evidence-based Reading and Writing score: 529Average Math score: 521. CINAHL offers a Cited References feature that provides a list of citations that cite a particular publication in the CINAHL database. Though our method of locating Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers in the selected journals was more expedient, manual scouring of the journals themselves over the 24 months would have optimized both the sensitivity and specificity of locating and comparing the most comprehensive list of publications possible.

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