conditions in which authoritarian states emerged

This fascination with some of the darkest aspects of our shared past has meant that there is a huge wealth of material written about . We are not satisfied.. The use of force was the most important method used to maintain power in authoritarian states.. (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. We have won power in Germany. Dont assume western democracy will last forever, Ukraine ammunition depot reportedly hit in wave of Russian missile attacks. Moreover, most authoritarianswhatever the quality of their pandemic policiesface enormous new economic pressures as a result of the virus. economic factors'. Germanys fledgling democracy was profoundly tested by the crumbling of old values and fears of what might come next. 1.) Citizens surging discontent toward many authoritarian countries may not necessarily translate into immediate political instability or change. Later in the 1930s, Fascism was strengthened both by Mussolini's attempts to build an overseas empire as well as the increasing likelihood of war in Europe. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. Some have, in fact, exhibited valuable decisiveness and clarity when confronted with the coronavirus. The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. If two examples are required these will need to be from different regions. In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia, and used similar harsh tactics. How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. Many veterans and other citizens struggled to understand Germanys defeat and the uncertain future. Thomas Carothers, co-director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peaces Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, is a leading expert on comparative democratization and international support for democracy. (Nov 10)), Analyse the circumstances that helpedoneright-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. Some in this boat have reacted by prematurely lifting initially tough lockdown measures. However, in Indonesia the democratic process was suspended altogether and after about a decade of independence . Green Politics Could Have an Outsized Impact on Trkiyes Elections, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program. Mussolini's war against Ethiopia in 1935 brought race into focus as a Fascist concern. Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of . No party was able to win a clear majority, and without political consensus, successive governments could not effectively govern the nation. Authoritarian regimes are systems of government that have no established mechanism for the transfer of executive power and do not afford their citizens civil liberties or political rights. Direct link to Faviel Rapalo's post this was cool. Thousands of Germans waited in lines for work and food in the early 1920s. Public domain. Unit Objectives: Authoritarian and Single Party States. (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the rise to power of either Hitler or Lenin. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. The Fascists argued that in invading Libya, they were creating a new Roman Empire, thus playing to Italian nationalism. Discuss with refto two authoritarian states. Beijing on Monday sought to defuse the row. The Nazis were revolutionaries who wanted to radically transform Germany. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. In a country plagued by joblessness, embittered by loss of territory, and demoralized by ineffective government, political demonstrations frequently turned violent. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. 1. Troops left the bloody battlefields and returned to a bewildering society. 82 - How did Castro establish his government, and what challenges arose? Thus, despite the spike in repressive measures that the coronavirus has produced so far, the medium- to long-term prospects for many authoritarian governments are less certain today than they were before the pandemic hit. Sexual norms were in flux. Check the notes preview and download a free sample. The Fascists soon followed up with assaults throughout the region. He was offered a deal just as the Nazis started to lose votes. The Nazi Party recruited, organized, and produced a newspaper to spread its message. 81-82 - What events and influences caused him to adopt an increasingly Communist position? Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers. These failings are likely to have negative long-term consequences for these regimes. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system The EUs top diplomat, Josep Borrell, said the bloc would reassess and recalibrate our strategy towards China, adding that foreign ministers would discuss Lus statements as part of planned EU talks on China on Monday. The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. Antisemitism (discrimination against Jews) defined Nazism in Germany, but that was not exactly the case with Italian Fascism, at least before 1938. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. Paper 2 Section Description Authoritarian States Course Companion Book This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors.. Photo of Mussolini and Hitler standing next to each other, each dressed in their military uniforms. The modern Italian soldier on the stamp is dressed like a Roman legionnaire. Last August, he sparked outrage by suggesting Taiwanese people would need to be re-educated following a Chinese takeover of the self-ruled island, while during the Covid pandemic he suggested France was abandoning old people in nursing homes. Angry at the growing resistance, Japanese troops killed as many as 300,000 civilians. The fighting nourished the Fascists belief in violence as the true path to manhood. Yet many authoritarians instead misuse subnational governance as a flak jacketa shield for deflecting responsibility and criticism more than for solving governance challenges. In January 1933, when the old war hero, President Paul von Hindenburg, invited Hitler to serve as Chancellor in a coalition government, the Nazis could hardly believe their luck. Authoritarian State (Castro) Emergence of Authoritarian States Conditions in which the authoritarian state emerged (Economic-Social Division-Impact of War-Weakness of Political System) Conditions Economic Factors: o In the 19th Century, Cuba's economy entirely depended on the exportation of slave produced goods and trade with the U.S o U.S companies owned many Cuban plantations When they seized power, Fascists had hoped to take over the Italian state completely. These groups, he claimed, were biologically different from "western Mediterranean" and European people. . The French foreign ministry said Lu would be given a stern rebuke, Germany said Beijing must clarify its stance, and the Czech foreign minister, Jan Lipavsk, described the remarks as totally unacceptable. These laws defined who had "German" blood and who did not. By censuring Li instead of acting on his alerts, local authorities may have facilitated the coronaviruss unchecked spread; consequently, Lis death from the virus in early February sparked an outpouring of anger and grief on Chinese social media. 97- - How did Castro deal with the media? - Discuss this view, with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied from different regions. His research focuses on modern Europe with an emphasis on Germany and Britain from 1789 to 1918. [2017] Use tab to navigate through the menu items. Although not really fascist, these governments were heavily influenced by military and industrial leaders because both sectors wanted Japan to take over territories in Asia. Such movements were a common feature of interwar fascism. Summarise Castro's rise to power in terms of: - conditions faced; mistakes + weaknesses of others, Compare and contrast the role of propaganda in the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from different regions. In Russia, for example, Putin devolved pandemic decisionmaking to regional officials more accustomed to executing his orders than responding to local citizens concerns. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. Lithuanias foreign minister, Gabrielius Landsbergis, said the diplomats would be asked to explain if Chinas position has changed and reminded were not post-Soviet countries but countries that were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. Beijing has insisted it respects the status of the independent nations that emerged from the USSR after totally unacceptable remarks by Chinas ambassador to France questioning the sovereignty of former Soviet states sparked outrage in EU capitals. Four key weaknesses are manifest. The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: 94 - How Communist was Castro? The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. HItler a Career" by Joachim Fest - the preview: Create your own unique website with customizable templates. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. This created famine conditions. What distinguished Italian Fascism from Nazisms biological view of race? Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a . Exploiting widespread fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency rule. Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, - ABYSSINIA: Italy decides to invade Abyssinia (won and took steps towards rebuilding roman empire) Examine the impact of the foreign policy of two authoritarian states on the maintenance of power in those states. These youth groups fostered a cult of violent masculinity, expected girls to aspire only to traditional maternal roles, and promoted the authoritarian belief of blind loyalty to the nation. To what extent was authoritarian control achieved in two 20th-century states? And despite their differences, the fact that they all happened in a similar time period suggests that there was some global pattern making them all possible. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. (modern). You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. Advances in the technology of killing included the use of poison gas. This is a list of key notes that you can use in paper 2 as the most important factors that need to be studied as recommended by the History guide. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one . There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. In the broadest sense, totalitarianism is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. Examine the role of education and propaganda in the maintenance of power in Maos China. Stalin and his supporters identified their enemies in political and social ways. In 1923, he was imprisoned for trying to overthrow the government. After local resistance was crushed, Mussolini's regime established a tight grip over the region. 'Elsewhere these groups [like the Nazis] could have been ignored and allowed to die out. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . But on the whole, these tendencies have been much less marked among democracies compared to autocracies. - Had to go to war way quicker than was prepared to due to Hitler's orders--> many peasants were conscripted to army UNHAPPY ITALIANS TTY: 202.488.0406, To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that, Guidelines for Teaching About the Holocaust, Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 19181933, World War II and the Holocaust, 19391945, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. You should include the following ideas from the unit content of Paper 2 Topic Authoritarian States: Emergence of the State. Step-by-step, Ethiopia became a state governed by a regime without moral or political constraints. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. Germany has awakened! - How did the collapse of the USSR affect Cuba? The emperor 4.5/5. He used authoritarian tactics to solidify communist control of the Soviet Union. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one authoritarian/single-party. Fascists portrayed the war as Italy's "civilizing mission" or the need for "military security". Now we must win the German people. Washington, DC 20036-2103. Historians Ruth Ben-Ghiat and Mia Fuller argue that the Italian colonies provided "testing grounds for strategies of governance and repression". When the government chose not to intervene in this conflict, the Fascists used the fighting to gain power in the region. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the 100. - abortion and divorce were illegal, -Racism appeared a bit in Romanita movement: 'prestigious race' needed to create and maintain empire Analyse themethods used to maintain power in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region. (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? There were no bureaucrats to rein in the Fascists. Cameroons President Paul Biya vanished in March for over two months, while in Nicaragua, President Daniel Ortega has ducked from public view for extended periods twice, including once for more than a month. Namely, that certain groups, especially Jews, could not assimilate and would have to be removed entirely so the nation could thrive. Building Civil Society In Authoritarian China Importance Of . At home, meanwhile, the Japanese government increasingly pushed down any opposition to their war effort. Millions of veterans were crippled in body and in spirit. 81 - What was Castro's early ideology based around? Additionally, the study shows how the continued use of practices from authoritarian times revealed the weakness of the democratic transition in Myanmar. As a result of Mussolini's compromises, conservative and liberal elements within the state blocked most revolutionary goals of Fascism. But it is likely to contribute to the significant authoritarian shakiness that has made itself felt over the past decade. -took over various unprofitable industries on behalf of the state, -youth groups feuded But Beijing is nonetheless working to amplify authoritarianism around the world. the authoritarian state with such a memorable moniker. German authorities sent thousands, including leftist members of Parliament, to newly established concentration camps. The governments of Algeria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burundi, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Nicaragua, Russia, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Zimbabwe, for example, have displayed serious shortcomings in confronting the coronavirus, shortcomings that often reflect core features of their authoritarian governance. Conditions in China before 1911 Until the 19th century, China was a very conservative nation. China downgraded diplomatic ties with Lithuania and pressured multinationals to sever links with it in December 2021 after the Baltic nation, which has long favoured a hard EU line on Beijing, allowed Taiwan to open a de facto embassy in Vilnius. 89 - How did the USA use economics to try and destabilise Castro? You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. Some democratic leaders have displayed weakness and avoidance, tried to suppress contrary voices, failed to work effectively with local authorities, and refrained from implementing much-needed public health measures out of concern about their economic impact. It declared a state policy of overt discrimination against Africans, Arabs, and Jews. It became known as the war to end all wars. It cast an immense shadow on tens of millions of people. It is hard to blind citizens slammed by a national public health emergency to the realities of weak leadership at the top and incoherent governance at local levels. Early success in the Po Valley. Photo of the fascist military forces known as the Blackshirts marching down an Italian street in Parma. In Egypt and Russia, doctors who criticize or challenge the governments response to the pandemic risk detention or physical retaliation. leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader. Aims and results of policies: social, economic, political, cultural. Six people died. The government responded inadequately, and blamed the situation on. There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. Much like Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin used violence and propaganda to maintain order and power. In the Reichstag (parliament) elections of May 2, 1928, the Nazis received only 2.6 percent of the national vote, a proportionate decline from 1924, when the Nazis received 3 percent . colonial rule (1910-1945). An authoritarian regime focuses on the maintenance of order at the expense of personal freedom. that a minimum of three authoritarian states should be studied. 99-100 - What was the 'Special Period' and why did it result from this? Social and economic policies in authoritarian states did not always achieve their aims.. We can see how Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and others began to attack journalists, control the flow of information, and stir up nationalism by persecuting ethnic minorities or invading desirable lands. What followed soon after were two devastating wars. Mistake #2: Using The Terms Interchangeably. One month later, when arson gutted the German parliament building, Hitler and his nationalist coalition partners seized their chance. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. The kulaks are just one example. After nearly two years of fighting and more than one-hundred deaths, the Fascists had defeated the Socialists. His position and apparent support for Chinas efforts to play peacemaker in the Russian invasion of Ukraine contrasts with a more hawkish approach from the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen. In other words, the lack of a reasonably level playing field notwithstanding, elections are still competitivealbeit unfair. -Lateran Treaty: gov recognized papal sovereignty over vatican ( became independent state) POPE recognized italian state Analyze the conditions that enabled one left-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. They regulated marriage and sexual intercourse between the two groups, and stripped citizenship from both Jews and Roma. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. (May 2009), Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Stalin up to the outbreak of the Second World War. Sexual norms were in flux. Many Germans felt a new hope and confidence in the future of their country with the prospect of a bold, young charismatic leader. I dont see them either. In Tanzania, which has not published nationwide figures relating to the coronavirus since May 8, President John Magufuli insisted that the country had defeated the virus through prayer. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Amy Elizabeth Robinson is a freelance writer, editor, and historian with a Ph.D. in the History of Britain and the British Empire from Stanford University. The NSDAP, after becoming reallowed as a political party in 1925, changed their focus and used the democratic system of the Weimar Republic to gain power. -Tried to limit Hitler's powers as chancellor in 1932. (Nov 09), Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Emergence of authoritarian states. Since the end of the Cold War, the proportion of authoritarian states in the world has been on the decline. This report sets out six types of authoritarian challenges: military threats, such as annexation of territory, hybrid warfare and assertive behaviour; coercion, through political and economic efforts to intimidate and cajole; - Explain the repeated waves of escape and the establishment of Little Havana in Florida, 98-9 - Outline the use of coercion by Castro as a form of social control. - MORE PEOPLE BIGGER ITALY EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. We include resources for teaching with limited class time, for English/Language Arts, and for History classes. 80-81 - What threat did the US pose to this 'new' Cuba? By 1938, the Nazis were physically expelling some Jews and debating massive resettlement plans. So while Jewish people had little to do with Ethiopia, they were affected by that policy. (May 2007, 2005), Analyse the methods used to maintain power by either Pern or Stalin. The first world war, from 1914 to 1918, was fought throughout Europe and beyond. Five years later they conquered Inner Mongolia as well, and a year later pushed into northern China. There are still "meaningful democratic institutions" (Levitsky and Way 2010a, 20) within these erstwhile authoritarian regimes.8 What (May 10 TZ2), In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler? But this challenge is especially difficult for governments that do not enjoy the legitimacy that comes from winning free and fair elections and that instead rely heavily on economic performance as their primary source of popular legitimacy. Some burned it for fuel. Paris, 1900. (May 06), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. 'Domestic policy rarely managed to achieve its aims', Discuss how far you agree with this statement with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied, both from different regions. Effective national public health responses to the pandemic require not just clear, consistent mandates from the top, but integrated approaches in which regional and local authorities can take initiative, adapt responses to local conditions, and report critical information up the line. Consolidation and maintenance of power. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. Rightwing propaganda and demonstrations played on fears of a Communist revolution spreading from the Soviet Union. (Specimen), The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? They work together. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. Certainly, Mussolini and the Fascists saw ethnic minorities as impediments to the creation of a purely Italian state. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. These uniforms consist of dark pants, black button up shirts, black hats, and white sashes that criss-cross over the boys bodies. Try as they will to distort reality and spin fables, the many nondemocratic leaders and regimes that have stumbled in tackling the pandemic now face citizens with powerful new grounds for grievance and distrust. 94-5. 96. (May 2007, May 2005), It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. 90-92 - How did Castro deal with the continuing US attempts to oust him? Following a series of planned demonstrations known as the March on Rome, Mussolini was named Prime Minister by the King of Italy. Slowed or negative growth, straitened budgets, devastated middle classes, and swelling ranks of poverty-stricken citizens will create political pressure on governments around the worldauthoritarian and democratic alike. (May 2009, TZ1), To what extent was the ruler of one single-party state successful in achieving his aims? Tsahkna added: I hope that there will be an explanation. Finally, the outcome of the campaign affirmed the Fascist view that, at the end of the day, violent struggle led to power. David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. Why do you think Mussolini was less successful than Hitler in this respect? The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. Beijing says it respects status of countries such as Ukraine after ambassadors comments spark row. His trial brought him fame and followers. Under the emergency decree, they could be terrorized, beaten and held indefinitely. The Nazi Party gained broad support, including many in the middle classintellectuals, civil servants, students, professionals, shopkeepers and clerks ruined by the Depression. In this way, the imperialist thinking drove Italian policy in more radical directions. Through violence, they had become what one historian called, "a. German imperialism was long based on a theory of colonial growth, called. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In recent months Beijing has tried to burnish its relationship with Europe, welcoming a string of European leaders to China. TEXT ON SCREEN: And Chinese leaders are working to dilute the liberal norms and erode human rights protections that are . Winston Churchill said the war left a crippled, broken world., TEXT ON SCREEN: ROMAN CATHOLICISM= official state religion of Italy, Authoritarian control was never completely achieved bc M had to SHARE power with TRADITIONAL italian groups such as the monarchy and the catholic church. World history topic 10: Authoritarian states (20th century) This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. 2 of cups and 7 of cups, how old is kevin bronson north woods law,

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